INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Epitep By F, W. Hopcr VOL. VIE | No.4 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES BY NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1921 Tuts series of Inptan Nores anp Mono- GRAPHS is devoted primarily to the publica- tion of the result of studies by members of ~ the staff of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform with Hispanic Notes AND MONOGRAPHS, published by the Hispanic Society of America, with which organization this Museum is in cordial codperation. Only the first ten volumes of INDIAN Notes AND MONOGRAPHS are numbered. The unnumbered parts may readily be deter- mined by consulting the List of Publications ~ issued as one of the series. HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND FRONTISPIECE PAINTED KEYHOLE LIMPET SHELL (Height 2 1-4 in.) INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS EDITED BY F. W. HopGE VOL. VII No. 4 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES CERTAIN ARTIFACTS FROM SAN MIGUEL ISLAND, CALIFORNIA BY GEORGE G. HEYE NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1921 CONTENTS PAGE EQREWIORGI a2 kG.ks Ge Regn seat tape 1 CCU PCAN ILI oot oP Ree Ste oe Gian ese eran 17 EBISU WIS a eet age Rec ene cee sn ete ce 21 Mniltato tba nessa. cedar el tec a ee Ro 27 Whe: Cemeteries th ok st os ic sea ae 34 Stone @byecis. ee tees as cera usta 41 Wesscinrete te eae et ee he peat 42 Wiontars amdepestles:s. 34.20 s es aac 45 Pestieshanmmmers< foe es ee 47 SiMe ERG tare Set cara Calas eee acta em 48 DMeAmDOMbSr kA Gin a Oh ss eak-e sun ieee cere OM Steatite-working tools: is 2...325 Se see nee 51 PeErnOrAted SOMES! yey see sha ovr ate qe 32 IBIS ree ages Rae gay ore OEE GA Vel ss Ge Bang ae 54 @rnemMen tse te ehw log ee. eee ees 30 IPA Spas eaten i oa cick ohne coe teal 60 SCHOE SHA WICA GS sete. Go x ee. Sree, coe pee ae 61 SNCs CHING MULT eee sey, gl) ee eee 65 SC hiMpea ODIectsic. ci oss. eee ene 66 |. PRUNE WAS LOO, ee oe ek ts ats 13 PGC LOBYCCESS: se fick eae ae ee ik 74 Whale-bones as grave markers.......... 74 Wihale-Wone mortate i052. 9.052%. 4). are NEVROMEUOMICCES 2. i505 cictantls ois aes te oe 78 BiSMnOGlese aes se a Oro lS, 83 Bodkimspane. puneness. 0 che SoS. Sc 86 INEEONV AGU EG ta cates elas, rth Scie ah ee 88 Pendantse wits cpio swat ai reais an ake 89 Awis and yimscce nots cet eee ees 91 INDAANCO NOTES SAN MIGUEL ISLAND eeeoeesceo eee ceo eee oe ee ee ee oO ee soe eee eee cee eee se ee eo eee ee eeoeerecee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee eee cee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee wo owe eee eee we ee ee oe eee Oo ee eee eee ee ee ee eee we eo ee ee ee we ww Pendants. .). 3.02 oe eee eee < Objects of fish-bone........... ci ee 110 ‘Turtleshelli- 3 Se eee Sigs Che eee nee ATFOW?WOUNGS: (xc eee ene ae oS Shell ‘objects =)... ac fees 3 ce ee 117 Utilitarian objects of haliotis........... qe Ornaments. of bhaliotis. -7..2 03 eee 120 Other shell objects: <<. 2.5 os ieee 137 Ornaments of keyhole limpet shells. ..... 155 Inlaid hair-ormament... 2. 52.23 seme 157 Inlosdgliandies.... jhe 2300s Sots ae 158 Woverm miarenalse J casos fois te hee cee 158 Imtrusiverobieciscn ise era. ote erga 159 SUMMARY ots ee wes oe oe ee 159 Bibliography, prepared by Prof. Frederick J. Teggart, of the University of California 165 Index’: ssa ee eee ne eee 185 LN DIANE OT iis SON aes eam)’ fe AY . LIBRAR ‘ES ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES PAGE Painted erie limpet shell... . Frontispiece I. Map of the Channel islands and the southern California COAST Ae abete eae ate 16 II. Topographic map of San Macweldisland.... 5:2.) 605% 18 III. Globular sandstone vessel.... 34 IV. Globular sandstone vessel... 35 IVA. Conical vessel of sandstone... 36 W: Sandstone vessel: ce a Se NLS Steative cups isee es eae 38 VII. Unfinished stone mortar..... 39 WES Paint GUDS.. 2000 oar 40 IES SLOne Pestles..7 6. tas ore 41 Tee OLONE MeEStles... eee ee 42 XI. Steatite fish-line sinkers..... J aAg XII. Stone fish-line sinkers.....:. 44 XIII. Stone fish-line sinkers....... 45 Delve Sinkersof Stone. 22.55, 6s AO XV. Stone spearpoints.... 50.504. . 47 . XVI. Implements used in working SEEBLEE? GnGino a Gee Sues 8 XVII. ‘‘Perforated stones’”’ of sand- PESO es ee eraser eae iv ae 49 XVIII. ‘‘Perforated stones’”’ of sand- AND MONOGRAPHS 8 SAN OE: XxX. OT: XXIf. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIT. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXII. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXKV. XXXVI SOXOXKV XXXVIII. XOXO: xe ae XLII XLIII. XLIV. MIGUEL ISLAND ‘“Perforated stones’ of dark- Teen StCdRILe.. 454.8 a eee ‘‘Perforated stones” of dark- green steatite. ... D2 Stone rings inlaid with shell discs: ig as See eee 53 Pendants/of stone... sae 54 Steatite pendants. . A ee! Dleatite pendants: = le eee 56} Objects of steatite..... .eeee ag Natural concretions and crys- tallise zips ad, hee pate 58 Smoking pipes: a0 cc me 59] Steakite tubes. Vas). Cee 60 Beads of-steatite: ..... 2.0% 61 Grooved beads of steatite... 62 Beads ot stomet:cus. sooo ae 63 Beads of black steatite...... 64 Stone-beadsac: Gia h 2 eee 64 Stone sword or club......... 64 Painted chalcedony knife.... 66 . Knife blades of chalcedony.. 68 Artifacts of chipped chalced- ONY. Sy on Wis Sa eh hoo ceniee 69 Arrow and spear points..... AO Drills and arrowpoints....... 70 Arrowpoints, knives, and | ChGSe <= S575 ony eran Wn ke Rea es 70 Knife blades with bitumen TMOUMEIMeLes so Ak eee 71 Chalcedony point showing delicate chipping: -3..2 339 72 Reamer and perforators of Sstone,.. Sous 4. eee 74 SErapers Ol St@ne: 4. epee 74 VII INDIAN NOTES EAB tits, 2 RA Te? OgN’S XLV. XLVI. XLVI. XLVITI. XLIX. Ee LI. LI. LIT. LIV. LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI. LXII. LXIit. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXxX. LXXI. Chipped obsidian implements Bone points for arrows or SMEATB UT 2 vet. a ain ences Objects of whale-bone...... Bone chisels and reamer..... Curved bone implements.... Curved bone implements. ... Bone artifacts with asphaltum ROUMLINGS 23s 5-ek nae sees Bi-pointed bone implements. Barbeiot bone. “2.58 Ltt ae panei wise ec Cheat Wea Bone awls and hairpins...... Bone pins and needles....... Pointed horn and curved bone Ppa APU ee rats, «Sse eee Decorated hair-ornaments of Bone hair-ornaments and in- LICSW sek ee een ee ieee Bone objects, probably hair- OLNAMENESS she aera actaes Bone hair-ornaments........ Hairpins of human and deer IONE APR ee Sterne ae ane eta Whistles of bone............ Whistles of bone............ Musical instruments of bone. OME MDES ic ce om cr sueasscek: Decorated bone tubes....... Bone tubes or beads......... Beads of bird-bone.......... Ornamented bone pendants. . Sides of a turtleshell rattle. . AND MONO GR APTS 114 10 SAN UMTGU LL: 15 EAD LXXII. Human bones penetrated by arrowpollts....>. se as 1t5 LXXIII. Haliotis shell used as an as- phaltum container........ 116 LXXIV. Paint receptacle of haliotis Shellcke Skee eee 116 LXXV. Haliotis shell pendant with inlaid decoration.......... 116 LXXVI. Ornaments made from haliotis peatlse 2 ee eee 117 LXXVII. Beads made from haliotis-shell TMS: see Se eee 118 LXXVIII. Pendants made from haliotis- Shell time he ov oe ae 119 LXXIX. Unfinished ornaments of hali- ObisiShie ee ae ane Oey 120 LXXX. Inlays of haliotis shell...... 121 LXXXI. Circular ornaments of haliotis Shelly cs coc tee weet ee 122 LXXXII. Ornaments of haliotis shell with two perforations..... 123 LXXXIII. Annular type of haliotis-shell ornaments: 7 eee 124 LXXXIV. Ornaments of halictis shell . with two perforations...... 125 LXXXV. Ornaments of haliotis shell . with two perforations ..... 126 LXXXVI. Ornaments of haliotis shell with two perforations .... 126 LXXXVII. Ornaments of haliotis shell... 126 LXXXVIII. Ornaments of haliotis shell with three perforations.... 127 LXXXIX. Ornaments of haliotis shell with three perforations.... 128 Vil LN DANN OS Es FLLUSTRATIONS eG: MCE: MCL: CII. GV: XCV:- XCVI. XCVIE CVE XCIX. i: CIT. Cir: CIV CV: CVI. CVA CV TLE CIX. CX: GX: Ornaments of haliotis shell with four perforations... . Ornaments of haliotis shell with four perforations..... Ornaments of haliotis shell with four perforations. . . Ornaments of haliotis shell with sundry perforations.. Ornaments of haliotis shell with sundry perforations.. Ornaments of haliotis shell... Ornaments of haliotis shell. . Ornaments of haliotis shell. . Shell hooks........ renege Various stages in the manu- facture of shell hooks..... . Unfinished pendants of clam- smellscchigiot: See ie ears Circular pendants of clam- Shelleiiiss Sas Paneer Pendants of clam-shell....... Pendants of clam-shell....... Pendants of clam-shell....... Clam-shell pendants, broken andoredrilled.c < “aos fa: Shell pendants with weed ornamentation. . Clam-shell pendants “with _ pitted ornamentation...... Clam-shell pendants with pitted. decoration s<)<0)) 4. Annular ornaments of clam- shell with pitted decoration. shelPormaments oe ee: 429 130 op potoe) end om 132 Seeks . 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 140 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 AND MONOGRAPHS 11 4+ — ee SAN MIGUEL ISLAND CXII. Shell . ornaments decorated Witla ne Shoes rae ee 147 CXIII. Shell pendants and beads.... 148 CXIV. Beads made of clam-shell.... 148 CXV. Dises of clam-shelk 2c; 148 CXVI. Shell beads with incised dec- ofation 2-2. ee ee 149 CXVII. Beads made from shells of the TOCK=OYStER. Pans coes see 152 CXVIII. Ornaments made from key- hole limpet shells......... 153 CXIX. Perforated keyhole limpet Ghee rae tenes et ae 154 CXX. Perforated keyhole limpet shells.c:- pots et eee 155 CXXI. Inlays made from keyhole limpet shells se Siri. eee 156 CXXII. Shell inlays on asphaltum... 157 CXXIII. Fragment of sea-grass apron. 158 CXXIV. Fragment of grass apron and EN: DIANZNOL Es of a braided tie-string. .... 159 FIGURES : Obsidian: leniter sae ec noes ee 70 - Obsidian hooks Soy. at eee 71 “Scaritier? /ol inte, cons mee pees 72 Grinder of-sandstones..0.. onus oer 73 Whale vertebra used for lining graves... 75 Whale vertebra used asa grave marker. 76 Mortar of a whale vertebra........... 77 . Knife made of whale-bone.. ; ~79 . Tool-handle made from the radius of the elephant Seale 26 7c aa eee 80 . Bone fishhooks. (After Bowers.)...... 84 . Bone fishhook barbs... 4.2 a eee 85 ie bke S TRA T TO Ns 12. Bodkins or punches made from ulne CECI ake «5 Scate ete BR 87 13. Bone arrowpoints (a, 6) and worked HERE Cm 8 ene rae ener 88 14. Sea-lion tooth (a) and eagle-claw (0) Used as; pendantss .5/cn acne 90 15. Box made from the humerus of a deer 101 16. Dotted decoration on a bone tube... .. 104 1 SOCCHON. OF ONE TUDE Wes cigs dt A oe acs 105 18. Bone pendants and beads: 4 ee 107 19. Dental plates of the eagle-ray, used as HEMP eMABMLS yt ial. eva oe eee Ses 111 20. Beads made from vertebre of small RUSHIA SN artes cs Alat MNL il ay cy naa 112 21. Beads made from vertebre of mackerel. 113 Dora vis SHU SCOOP: bose 0 oes plan eee 118 23. Haliotis shell used for containing as- FOE MCLMUA Soe sae ae cc ee 119 24. Pendants of haliotis shell............ 126 25. Triangular ornaments of haliotis shell with incised or notched edges...... 127 20: Ornaments oi haliotis shell... 075.2 130 ie Pendant-ot-clam-shello.) 2. ikke e 139 Je-vhendant of clam=shell.. so2) 2 vee: 140 29. Cylindrical beads made from colu- melle of various shells............ 147 30. Perforated musselshell blanks (a) and finished beads (6), and beads made of shell of the spiny oyster......... 150 31. Beads made of Oliva and Olivella 32. Beads and pendants made from entire SING Siete aete hae ack. nr et ceca cian et 153 33. Beads made by grinding off the points on both ends of univalves.......... 155 AND MONOGRAPHS - FOREWORD 2 N 1919 an archeological expedition 5 to San Miguel island, California, was made possible for the Mu- | seum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, through the generosity of Mrs Thea Heye of New York City, to whom the Museum expresses its grateful appreciation for this continued manifesta- tion of her interest in its endeavors. The]. expedition was in charge of Mr Ralph Glidden, of Avalon, California, who had already conducted excavations on other islands off the California coast, and who in this later research was assisted by Arthur Taschenberger and _ Frederick Johnson. -|The work of the expedition on the island extended from March 16 until October 2, during which period 343 skeletons were exhumed. Unfortunately, the photographs showing many of these in situ were lost by | the capsizing of the boat on the return trip. Eee tANe NOLES 15 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND The following paper does not attempt to describe all known forms of artifacts from San Miguel island; it aims only to present the results of the excavations referred to, and to describe a few additional specimens in the Museum’s collections. The extended and useful terminal bib- liography was prepared by Prof. Frederick J. Teggart of the University of California, through the courtesy of the American Ge- ographical Society of New York. The Mu- seum expresses its gratitude both to Profes- sor Teggart and to the Society for this _|valued contribution, by means of which| such usefulness as the article may be found to possess will be greatly enhanced. The Museum wishes to acknowledge its appreciation of the assistance rendered by the following members of the staff of the American Museum of Natural History in the identification of various objects: H. E. Anthony, as to animal bones; John T. Nichols, as to those of fish; and Arthur P. Jacot, as to specimens of shell. GEORGE G. HEYE, Director. tN DAAN NOLES 1sVOO VINHYOSITVO NYSHLNOS AHL GNV SCNV1ISI TANNVHO 3HL JO dVW VNITVLVO VINVS a Vuveuvd VINVS oped. es We, coh sajafuy soto 1 “Id GNV1SI TSNSIN NVWS—-3ASH aris OV ei See te CERTAIN ARTIFACTS FROM SAN MIGUEL ISLAND, CALIFORNIA By GEORGE G. HEYE GEOGRAPHY AN MIGUEL island is the most northwesterly of the group, off the coast of southern California, known as the Santa Barbara islands, and more popularly as the Channel islands. The map (pl. 1) shows San Miguel to lie 26 miles from the nearest point on the coast of Santa Barbara county, and 43 miles from the well-known town of Santa Bar- bara. For the greater part the island con- sists of a sandy waste, with only a sparse growth of grass, cactus, and small bushes, owing to the constant shifting of the sands by reason of the high winds that almost con- tinuously prevail. An idea of the sudden AND MONOGRAPHS 18 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND changes in the surface levels may be had by the “knowledge that on several occa- sions during the excavations a skeleton found less than a foot beneath the surface at nightfall, had been buried by four feet of drift-sand before the following morning. A ridge averaging 500 feet in height and occupying the larger part of the island cul- minates in two hills, 850 and 861 feet high respectively (pl. m). Schumacher (1877) gives the following excellent description of the topographic features of San Miguel: “From the northern bold point to the east- ern end, with the exception of a break formed by Cuyler Harbor, the shores are rocky and high; and from here along the southern side, toward the low, sandy west end, a smooth ridge, about 500 feet high, abruptly ends in a bold shore-line. On-the north side this brown, dry, and dusty-appearing elevation slopes steeply, and is arrested by immense dunes of drifting sand, which extend from the west and in innumerable ridges of most varied formation, and nearly half the width of the island, to the north point. Sand driven by northwest winds is drifting into the bay, which is being gradually filled in at its northwest side, where the dunes} descend in a steep decline to the water’s edge, and their base is washed by the ocean.” EB Gael Oe INDIAN SN G62 fs \O bh ee GNV1S!I TSNSINW NVS 40 dVW OIHdVuYDOdOL Wi i DS) Ty i Wye NW ies sei o Pigs Obs oe, oe S . ms ah es a E Ss, a [+ oO UU 3 ty Wi WH Yh eR i \\\ N D\ . oe f FS Z4 ‘a 1007) 4d a ore mm [rampae Ta Dy Fi (A \ a mH AVIA R« i to * S > x “7, Wy ane ~—— ay 0 ve “il Nt es ih San Zi SQN aa é S S > Lk ‘14s Noosem ° ® eee WU) Z Ay cs © fi a ° PINs = NS s GNV1SI 1SN9IW NVS—3A3H Il “Id " wt Ay yoy Tewhry "4 * 4 g i : \ aa ani seehetteatie eee a el a Nt lata 10 FAM DIKFARDOIOT i. GEOGRAPHY The exact latitude and longitude of the loftier height referred to is 34° 02’ N. and 120° 21’ 50” W. The longer axis of San Miguel extends almost exactly east and west, and measures 8.35 statute miles from Cardwell point to Point Bennet. From Harris point in the north to Crook point on the southern shore is 4.345 statute miles. The entire area of the island is 14.62 square miles. The only practicable landing place on San Miguel—and that only by means of a row- boat—is at Cuyler harbor; and for days at a time a landing even here is impossible, owing to the heavy swell caused by the winds that blow almost unvaryingly from the northwest. Nine springs on the island furnish an abundance of fresh water; of these, six are on the northwestern coastline and three in the eastern interior, two of the latter being in the vicinity of and one at the ranch house, as indicated on the map. When the exploration was undertaken by the Museum the only inhabitants of the island were a man and his wife who. occu- pied the ranch house and served as care- AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL-ISLAND takers for about two thousand sheep which gained their subsistence from the patches of grass on the summit of thé ridge that occupies most of the island area. A little to the east of north from Point Bennet, and two miles away, is Wescott shoal, in which is found an oil well that dis- charges quantities of asphaltum, formed by the action of water and waves into roughly globular masses from the size of a pea to some weighing several pounds. Great num- bers of these, cast upon the beach, afforded the ancient inhabitants of San Miguel ready access to a material used by them largely _| for manufacturing and ornamenting various objects. Many of the early voyagers give interest- ing accounts of the Santa Barbara channel and its neighboring islands, but none of them presents any details of importance in regard to San Miguel. For the source ma- terial respecting these early visits, the -|reader is referred to the bibliography, at the close of this paper, under the following: Cabrillo (1542), Relacion breve (1602), Car-, rasco y Guisasola (1602), Vizcaino (1602) | INDITANSN OES PRS OK ¥: Palacios (1603), Herrera (1615), Torque- mada (1723), Gonzalez Cabrera Bueno (1734), Costansé (1769), Crespi (1769), Van- couver (1798), Duflot de Mofras (1844), Findlay (1851), Davidson (1869), Kohl (1884), Davidson (1886). HISTORY It is not the intention to present a de- | tailed account of the history of San Miguel island, but rather to give a few extracts from early authorities, referring the reader to the bibliography for further information. San Miguel island was discovered on October 18, 1542, by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a translation of the narrative of whose voyage (Relation (4), 1542) was pub- lished by Bolton in 1916, from whose work the following extracts are made: “On Wednesday, the 18th of the said month _|[October, 1542], they proceeded along the coast -|until ten o’clock, seeing that all the coast was populated; and because there was a fresh wind and canoes did not come to them, they drew near to a headland which forms a cape like a galley, and named it Cape Galera [Point Con- ception]. It is in thirty-six degrees, full. And AND MONOGRAPHS ae Ze Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND because a strong northwest wind struck them they stood off shore and discovered two islands, one large [Santa Rosa], probably about eight leagues long from east to west, the other [San Miguel] about four leagues. They are inhab- ited, and in this small one there is a good port [Cuvler harbor]. They are ten leagues from the mainland. They are called the Islands of San Lucas. = . They remained in these islands until the following Weduedes because it was very stormy. “On wens. the 25th of the said month, they left. these islands, setting out from the one which was most to windward. It has a very good port, which within gives shelter from all}. storms of the sea. They called it La Posesion. 39 “On Thursday, the 23d of the month [No- vember], they arrived, on the return, in the islands of San Lucas, at one of them called La Posesion. “ Passing the winter on the island of La Po- sesion, on the 3d of the month of January, 1543, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, captain of the said ships, departed from this life, as the result of a fall which he suffered on said island when they were there before, from which he broke an arm] near the shoulder. He left as captain the chief pilot, who was one Bartolome Ferrelo, a native of the Levant. At the time of his death he emphatically charged them not to leave off ex- ploring as much as possible of all that coast. They named the island the Island of Juan Rod- riguez. The Indians call it Ciquimuymu; the next they call Nicalque, and the next, Limu. INDIAN - NOTES Drs C0 VERY On this island of La Posesion there are two pue- blos, one called Zaco and the other Nimollollo. On the next island there are three pueblos, one called Nichochi, another Coycoy, and another Estocoloco. On the third island there are eight pueblos, namely, Niquesesquelua, Poele, Pis- queno, Pualnacatup, Patiquiu, Patiquilid, Ni- numu, Muoc, Pilidquay, and Lilibeque. “The Indians of these islands are very poor. They are fishermen, and they eat nothing ex- cept fish. They sleep on the ground. Their sole business and employment is fishing. They say that in each house there are fifty persons. They live very swinishly, and go about naked. ‘““They remained on these islands from the 23d of November till the 19th of January. Dur- ing all this time, which was nearly two months, there were very heavy winter winds and rains. The prevailing winds were west-southwest, south-southwest, and west-northwest. There were very violent winds. “On Friday, the 19th of the said month of January, 1543, they set sail from the island of Juan Rodriguez, which is called Ciquimuymu, to go to the mainland in search of some provisions for their voyage . . . [the narration con- tinues with an account of their difficulties in getting away from the islands]. “On Monday, the 5th of the month of March, 1543, in the morning, they found themselves at the island of Juan Rodriguez, but they did not dare enter the port because of the high tempest which caused breakers at its entrance in fifteen fathoms. The wind was from the north-north- west. The entrance is narrow. They ran to AND MONOGRAPHS ZS 4 24 Noe) | Vil | SAN MEGUERE- TS LAND shelter under the island of San Salvador {Santa Cruz] on the southeast side. According to the Diary of Sebastian Viz- caino (1602), translated by Bolton, San Mi- guel island is not mentioned by that ex- plorer; indeed, the next reference to it, under the name San Bernardo, is by Costansé, in 1769. Finally, in 1793, Vancouver adopted for the island the name San Miguel (Van- couver, 1798), found on an old Spanish chart, a name that has persisted to the pres- ent time. The island has been known by numerous names, which have been recorded by David- son (1886), as follows: : “Ta Isla de la Posesion, Cabrillo. La Isla de Posesion, Ferrelo. Una de las Islas de San Lucas, Ferrelo. . . La Isla de Baxos, Viz- caino’s chart. Ciquimuymu, Indian, Ferrelo. San Miguel Island; . . . Ferrelo named the island La Isla de Juan Rodriguez after| Cabrilio’s death. El Puerto de la Posesion, | Cabrillo, Ferrelo. Cuyler’s Harbor.” Davidson (1889, p. 98) says further: “The island of San Miguel was discovered by Cabrillo in 1542, and Cuylers Harbor is the bay INDIAN NOTES EARLY NAMES in which he wintered. He named the island La Isla de la Posesion and the harbor La Puerto de la Posesion because he went through the cere- mony of taking possession of the country. He died here January 5, 1543, having directed Bartolomé Ferrelo, his pilot, to assume the com- mand of the expedition and continue the explo- ration as far north as possible. Ferrelo after- wards named the island in whose harbor his commander had wintered, Juan Rodriguez. The Indian name was Liquimuymu, and there ‘| were three villages upon it. “In 1602 Vizcaino named it San Bernardo, and this designation is retained in the Carta General of 1791 preserved in the archives at Madrid, of which we have the tracing of a copy certified by Navarrete. On his chart it is called Isla de baxos. “Tn 1774 Don Juan Perez, commanding the frigate Santiago, named it Santa Rosa. On later Spanish charts it was sometimes called San Miguel and Santa Barbara. The present name is that adopted by Vancouver in 1793.” In 1769 Costansé (pp. 207, 309) wrote: Thorsday, August - 24,1769. .-": From this place, which we named San Luis Rey, we discovered, in the afternoon, the three last islands of the Canal de Santa Barbara. These are San Bernardo, the most westerly; then Santa Cruz, to the east; and Santa Barbara, the most easterly of the three, which gave its name to the stretch of sea and coast about which we are speaking. ae AND MONOGRAPHS. 26 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Thursday, January 4,1770. “. . . The island of San Bernardo in the language of the natives, is called Thoa; that of Santa Cruz is called Lotolic; that of Santa Barbara, Anajup.” Regarding the name, Vancouver (1798, p- 448) recorded the following in 1793: 1193 November [9] : the westernmost, or first island, forming the canal of Santa Barbara, called in]. one of the Spanish charts St. Miguel, in the other St. Bernardo, (the former of which I have adopted) bore S. 25 E., to S. 32 E.; the next called in one of those charts Santa Rosa, in the other St. Miguel (the former of which I have continued) bore S. 42 E., to S. 54 E.; and a high hill on the third island, called in the Span- ish charts Santa Cruz, bore S. 70 E.” Bancroft (1874, p. 402), says: “The natives call the island of Sanke Cruz Liniooh, Santa Rosa Hurmal, San Miguel Twocan, and San Nicolas Ghalashat.” It is thus seen that the early history of San Miguel is meager as to details. Curi- ously enough, the most important historical event took place shortly after its discovery —the death of Cabrillo in what is now Cuy- ler harbor, and his probable burial there. INDIAN NOTES INHABITANTS INHABITANTS The aboriginal inhabitants of San Miguel island were of the Chumashan family. Seven dialects of the language of this family are known, one of which was spoken by the islanders of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz. These two islands, with San Miguel, were the only ones of the Santa Barbara group inhabited by Chumash, the southern islands of the group belonging to Shoshonean peo- ple. On the Chumashan Family the Hand- book of American Indians (1907, 1, 296) says: “The northern of the Santa.Barbara ids. (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel) were inhabited by the Chumash, but the 3 southern islands of the group belonged to Sho- shonean people. . . . In character and habits the Chumash differed considerably from the other Indians of California. All of. the early voyagers note their friendliness and hos- pitality, and their greater affluence and abun- dance of food as compared with their neighbors. They appear to have had a plentiful supply of sea food and to have depended on it rather than on the vegetal products which usually formed the subsistence of California Indians. With the islanders this was no doubt a necessity. AND MON OG RAP ES 28 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Their houses were of grass or tule, dome-shaped, and often 50 ft. or more in diameter, accommo- dating as many as 50 people. Each was in- habited by several families, and they were grouped in villages. The Chumash were noted for their canoes, which were not dug out of a single log, but made of planks, lashed together and calked. Most were built for only 2 or 3 men, but some carried 10 and even 13 persons. . An unusual variety of shell ornaments and of work in shell inlaid by means of asphal- tum also characterize the archeologic discover- ies made in Chumashan territory. : The dead among the Chumash were buried, not burned as in many other parts of California; property was hung on poles over their graves, and for chiefs painted planks were erected.” We have already learned from the account of Cabrillo’s voyage of 1542 that the names of two native villages on San Miguel were Nimollollo [Nimoyoyo] and Zaco. David- son (1889) says that the Indian name of the island was Liquimuymu (Ciquimuymu), and that three villages were upon it, hence it would seem that the name of the third village has not been recorded. Davidson’s statement agrees with the observations made by the Museum’s expedition, as three ‘|large village-sites were discovered—one at eo Point Bennet (pl. 1), another on the penin- IN DILAN NG TES a INHABITANTS sula on the west side of Cuyler harbor, and the third on the eastern end of the island, near Cardwell point. According to Mr John P. Harrington, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, who has devoted special study to the Chumashan stock and who communicates the present information from his unpublished data,— “The Indian name of San Miguel island was Tukan (cf. Twocan above noted] (& pronounced like Arabic g). The natives of this and the other Chumashan speaking islands were called Chumash (phonetically Tchumac, of unknown etymology). The Spanish corruption of this word is Chuma, pl. Chumas. It is improper to apply the name Chumash to the mainland Indians or to the whole linguistic stock, for which Powell’s term Chumashan should be re- tained. The natives of Tukan were settled by the Padres chiefly at La Purisima mission.” An interesting account of the inhabitants of the islands and of the coast of Santa Barbara channel is given by Costansdé (1769 (4), pp. 133-139), as follows: ‘The Indians observed to have the greatest energy and industry are those who inhabit the islands and the coast of the channel of Santa Barbara. They live in towns, the houses of AND MONOGRAPHS 29 SAN MIGUEL 1SLAwN which are spherical in form, like the half of an orange, are covered with reeds, and are as much as twenty yards in diameter. ‘“‘Kach house contains three or four families. The fireplace is in the middle, and in the upper part of the house they leave an air passage or chimney for the escape of the smoke. These Indians confirmed in every respect the affa- bility and friendly treatment experienced in former times by the Spaniards who landed on this coast with General Sebastian Vizcayno. Both the men and the women are of good figure and appearance, and are fond of painting and staining their faces and bodies. They use large tufts of feathers, and hairpins which they put through their hair with various ornaments and coral beads of different colors. The men go entirely naked, but when it is cold they wear long capes of tanned otter-skins, and cloaks made of the same skins cut in long strips, and turned in such a manner that all of the fur is on the outside. They then weave these strips together, making a fabric, and give it the form mentioned above. “The women are dressed with more modesty, wearing around the waist tanned deerskins, which cover them in front and back more than half way down the leg, and a little cape of otter- skin over the body. Some of them have at- tractive features. It is they who weave the baskets and vessels of reeds, to which they give a thousand different forms and graceful patterns, according to the use for which they intend them —for eating, drinking, holding seeds, or other purposes, as these people do not understand the INDIAN NOTES Cur TUR E use of clay as it is used by the Indians of San Diego. “The men make beautiful bowls of wood with strong inlays of coral or bone, and some vessels of great capacity, contracted at the mouth, which appear as if turned in a lathe; in fact with this machine they could not be turned out better hollowed or more perfectly formed. To the whole they give a polish which seems the finished handiwork of a skilled artisan. The large vessels which contain water are made of a very strong texture of rushes, coated inside with pitch, and they give them the same shape as our jars. ‘“‘In order to eat the seeds which they use instead of bread, they first of all roast them in large bowls, putting among the seeds red-hot pebbles or small stones; then they stir and shake the bowl so as not to burn it, and after the seeds are sufficiently roasted, they grind them in mills or stone mortars. Some of these mortars are of extraordinary size, and as well formed as if the best tools had been used in making them. The patience, exactness and energy which they exercise In making these articles are well worthy of admiration. They are so highly valued among the Indians themselves that they have a custom to place them over the grave of those who did that kind of work, in order to preserve the memory of their skill and diligence. ‘““They bury the dead, and their burying grounds are within the town itself. The fu- nerals of their chiefs are conducted with much pomp, and they erect over their bodies some very high rods or poles, on which they hang a AND MONOGRAPHS 32 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND variety of articles and utensils which they used. They also place on the same spot some large pine boards with various pictures and figures, representing, no doubt, the achievements and the valor of the individual. . . . “The expertness and skill of these Indians is unsurpassed in the construction of their canoes of pine boards. They are from eight to ten yards in length from stem to stern-post, and one yard and a half in breadth. No iron what- ever enters into their construction, and they know little of its use. But they fasten the boards firmly together, making holes at equal distances apart, one inch from the edge, match- ing each other in the upper and lower boards, and through these holes they pass stout thongs of deer sinews. ‘They pitch and calk the seams, and paint the whole with bright colors. They handle them with equal skill, and three or four men go out to sea to fish in them, as they will hold eight or ten (men).” Another reference to their canoes is made by Vizcaino (1602, pp. 87-88), as translated by Bolton. Vizcaino does not mention San Miguel island, but of the Indians of the Santa Barbara channel he says: “So we went on skirting the coast, and on Monday, the 2d of the said month (December) we sighted two other large islands. Passing between the first and the mainland, a canoe came out to us with two Indian fishermen, who had a great quantity of fish, rowing so swiftly INDIAN NOTES CULT URE that they seemed to fly. . . . After they had gone five Indians came in another canoe, so well constructed and built that since Noah’s Ark a finer and lighter vessel with timbers better made has not been seen. Four men rowed, with an old man in the center, singing as in a mitole of the Indians of New Spain, and the others responding to him. . ... Only the old man spoke. . . . This Indian was so in- telligent that he appeared to be not a barbarian but a person of great understanding. Burney (1803, p. 222), referring to the voyage of Cabrillo, says: “In the latter [island] they found a small but good port, which was named De la Possession. They are 10 leagues distant from C. de la Galera. . _ There were on this island many people who lived by fishing. They made beads of the bones of fish, which served them as articles of exchange with the people of the continent. They went naked, and painted their faces in squares ‘in the manner of a chess board.’ The Spaniards remained eight days at Puerto de la | Possession, and during that time were upon terms of great good will with the inhabitants. 3) Indians inhabited the islands until the early part of the nineteenth century, and then were taken off and distributed by the Fathers among the missions on the main-| land. San Nicolas island.had some Indian AND MONOGRAPES 32 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND inhabitants as late as 1830; and one woman, |who had been left behind in the general removal, was found there and brought to the mainland in 1851. THE CEMETERIES The excavations on San Miguel island conducted by the Museum expedition yielded in all 343 skeletons, nine of which were obtained from isolated burials, the re- maining 334 from the twenty-three sites shown on the map (pl. 11). From the largest cemetery, noted as No. 11, situated in a depressed area, 160 burials were obtained, the graves being at an average depth of one foot. The next largest cemetery was No. 1; from it 65 burials were uncovered. All the cemeteries excavated were littered with broken human bones, and most of them showed evidence of having been previ- ously dug. This is not surprising when it is remembered that from the time of the first known archeological collection gathered on San Miguel by Mr W. G. W. Harford of the U. S. Coast Survey in 1872 and 1873, its limited area has been searched by many [INDIAN NO TEs PL, Il SAN MIGUEL ISLAND HEYE GLOBULAR SANDSTONE VESSEL (Diameter, 123 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. IV GLOBULAR SANDSTONE VESSEL (Height, 92 in.) CEMETERIES others, including Dr William H. Dall, Paul Schumacher, Stephen Bowers, Louis G. Dreyfus, and E. L. Doran, besides many so-called ‘‘pot-hunters” eager to obtain archeological objects to sell. Even as early as 1875 Schumacher (1877, p. 38) com- plained that the island had been overrun by curiosity-hunters, as shown by the following remarks, which with one exception were substantiated by the Museum expedition: “The kitchen-middings, or kjékkenméddings, of a former people are found all over the island where sandy ground is met with. This singular mixture of all kinds of shells, bones, rocks, and flint-chips, spread usually over a space of about a hundred yards square, and to a depth of five feet, although the extent and depth of such shell] deposits vary greatly, is found on both sides of the harbor, especially over its northern point, also along the northwest side to the west end, and covers in great masses the low, sandy, western extremity of the island. ‘The deposits of the kjékkenméddings are much exposed to the strong northwest wind, and, as they are located on loose sand, are laid bare by its ac- tion, offering therefore good facilities for surface collections. But of these the casual visitors to the island, mostly persons interested in stock- raising, excursionists, and amateur curiosity- hunters, have picked up or destroyed the best, and much of what was left had been collected AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND several months previously to our visit by Mr. Dall, of the United States Coast Survey, during a short visit to this island. Of the small surface collection made here, I consider an unfinished mortar the most interesting article, showing in its partially rough and incomplete state the mode of manufacturing such a utensil by the aborigines. But my attention was especially given to the finding and exhuming of the old cemeteries, which, as my experience taught me, promises the richest reward. About half-way, and almost in a line between the two springs, near Cuyler Harbor, I found a grave-yard, and soon another close by, which yielded about 250 skeletons, and many utensils, implements, and ornaments of stone, bone, and shell. Not far from the upper spring, another burial place was discovered, which hardly returned any results. “The mode of burying was similar to that previously observed on the mainland, on the coast of California, which I described in the Smithsonian Report of 1874. The bodies were buried in the kjékkenméddings, because the kitchen-refuse offered here the only ground which is firm enough to resist caving, and also to prevent the winds from uncovering the. dead, as would occur with loose sand. The skeletons were found from three to six feet under ground, and often from three to four resting one above the other, separated, if at all, by the bones of the whale. The bodies were deposited without any order as to position and direction of the face, being sometimes found face downward, lying on one side, or on the back, or face to face, or crosswise, and the bones in nine cases out of INDIAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. IVA =e EPG, ij in Sore CONICAL VESSEL OF SANDSTONE (Diameter of rim, 10 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. V SANDSTONE VESSEL (Height, 73 in.) CEMETERIES ten disturbed and displaced This confirms my former opinion that the graves had been re- opened, and the bones disarranged while fresh bodies were being added. The bodies lay so closely together that at first, they seemed to have been the victims of a fierce battle, buried promiscuously in a pit. Close observation, however, indicates that the interments were made at different times, as implements of shell and bone, skeletons, and remains of perishable partitions, often plainly show by their more or less advanced decay, and by the position in which they are found. It is likewise evident that the burial took place before the decay of the body, although such was not the custom of some interior tribes, because we found the bones of some skeletons buried the deepest, and especially such as were interred separately from the others in perfect order. Some were even still enwrapped in matting. To find a skeleton at the bottom of a pit, at the depth of about five or six feet, especially if there be none above it, is considered by the practical digger a lucky hit, and causes him to work carefully in the removal of the slabs and whale-bones, and to look for stone-knives, spear-points, or strange stone implements, as it is supposed to be either the grave of a warrior, a chief, or a ‘medicine- man.’ 23 The difference above noted refers to the character of the surface finds, for with the exception of the human bones, nothing was found on the surface save a comparatively AND MONOGRAPHS 30; + SAN MIGUEL “ISLAND few arrowpoints, and some of the whale- bone slabs such as are referred to by Schu- macher. Nothing of Caucasian origin was recovered, with the exception of a few glass beads found on camp-sites, and in one case in a grave. Of the undisturbed skeletons practically all were found lying on their backs, with arms and legs flexed and the skull directed toward the west. More than 12,000 beads and ornaments of shell were found, and of these about ninety-six per cent accompanied the skeletons of children. In Cemetery 8 nineteen skeletons were exhumed, all of them the remains of chil- dren from about six to twelve years of age. Most of the shell ornaments alluded to were with these burials; they had been neatly placed in small piles surrounding the skeletons. A burial found in Cemetery 11 was ac- companied with more than 5000 small steatite beads, evidently thrown in at ran- dom. The only human remains with traces of clothing were found in Cemetery 3; this clothing consisted of sea-grass kilts which extended from the waist to the knees INDIAN NOTES | VU HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. VI STEATITE CUP (Height, 24 in.) (Ur $9 “TeZeWIeIp WNnWIxe Py) YVLYOW ANOLS GAHSINIANN IIA “Id GNV1SI TANSIW NVS—SASH CEMETERLES (pl. cxxitt, Cxxiv), and of traces of hats that had probably been of woven basketry similar to those used by the tribes of the mainland. Unfortunately the remnants of these head-coverings disintegrated on ex- posure to the air. An interesting burial was encountered in Cemetery 14, the skeleton of a male lying on its left side with arms and legs flexed. The bed of the grave was lined with as- phaltum about three-eighths of an inch thick, in which were impressed, in no regular order, thousands of disc beads of olivella shell. Over the head and shoulders were other thousands of similar beads, sufficient to fill a two-quart measure. In the left hand was a bone wand inlaid with the same kind of beads (pl. trx, c). Directly on the chest of the skeleton were the remains of a small child, upon which were three bone tubes similarly inlaid (~xvu, a). This double burial was at the center of a circle of six other burials, the skull of each of which was directed toward the central skeleton. Their only accompaniment consisted of some rude stone tools. The skulls of four AND MONOGRAPHS 39 40 SAN MIGUEL as LAND of the skeletons referred to were completely | covered with asphaltum, but there was no trace of this material on the rest of the skeletons. Regarding the mortuary customs of the Chumash, Costansé (1769, 4) says, “‘The funerals of their chiefs are conducted with much pomp, and they erect over their bodies some very high rods or poles on which they hang a variety of articles and utensils which they use.” This description of an early custom seems to have been substan- tiated by the finding, in five instances, of decayed wooden posts ranging from an inch to three and a half inches in diameter, in each case extending from the top of the skull to the surface. Reference is made by Costansé (1769, 4) to the finely finished wooden bowls of the Indians of the Santa Barbara islands, but no trace of a wooden object was found in any of the graves. The burials accompanied with the finer and more important artifacts always indicated that red paint (hematite) had INDIAN NOTES (ur FT ‘D Jo 14310) SdNO LNIVd WHA “Td GNV1SI 1ANDIN NVS—SASH HEYE —SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL, 1X STONE PESTLES (Length of a, 12$ in.) STONE OBJECTS been placed in the graves in considerable quantities. As already intimated, the depth at which the burials were encountered was not sig- nificant of the original depth, owing to the constantly shifting sands. Many skeletons were found immediately beneath the sur- face; the greatest depth was fourteen feet. STONE OBJECTS The stone artifacts found on San Miguel island, although many, are not nearly so numerous as those of shell and bone. This may be readily accounted for when it is realized that no steatite is found on the island, while the small quantity of sand- stone native to it is of inferior quality, owing to disintegration, and entirely too soft for] implement-making. No quarry and no re- jects from workshops were observed, and, indeed, practically no unfinished stone ob- jects were found. It is therefore probable that almost all of the larger stone artifacts were procured by the natives, through ex- change, from the adjacent islands or the AND MONOGRAPHS SANS MIGUEL ISLAND mainland. There are small objects of stone, however, such as chipped blades, and paint- cups fashioned from beach pebbles, and ornaments made from natural concretions, undoubtedly manufactured on the island. VESSELS While numerous cooking vessels of stone have been reported from the coast, as well} - as from the islands, most of them, by far, are of steatite. An exceptional vessel is of compact sandstone (pl. m1); it is smoothly finished both inside and out; the base is 2 in. thick, and the wall gradually lessens in thickness to five-eighths of an inch at the rim. - This receptacle is of flattened globu- lar form, its height being exactly two-thirds the measurement of its maximum diameter. A similar vessel, but more globular, is shown in pl.tv. Asin the case of the other, it is of sandstone, finely finished inside and out. The base is 33 in. thick, and the wall tapers to five-eighths of an inch at the thin- nest part of the rim. The inside contour of both this and the other vessel follows that of the outside, hence to produce such uten- INDIAN NOTES PL. X SAN MIGUEL ISLAND HEYE STONE PESTLES (The first four show use as hammers. Length of c, 62 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XI STEATITE FISH-LINE SINKERS ; (Length of 6, 47% in.) VESSELS sils by primitive means was not an easy task. The diameter of the mouth is small compared with that of the inside, making it appear unlikely that such vessels were used for ordinary cooking purposes. In the specimens examined there is no abrasion at the edge of the orifice, which, owing to the softness of the stone, would certainly exist if a stirring paddle had been used, as un- doubtedly would have been the case had the utensil been designed for culinary pur- poses. On the other hand, the thickness of the walls of these vessels is always made much greater at the base than at the rim, seemingly for the purpose of enabling them better to withstand the action of fire. Springs are scarce in the region where this type of vessel is met, and often are in much higher ground than the camp-sites. In order to reach these sources of water supply, the paths were sometimes over precipitous places; hence it may be that these utensils were used for conveying water and were so formed that a minimum of the liquid would be spilled. A more practical vessel for cooking pur- AND. MONOGRAPHS 43 44 Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND poses is shown in pl. Iv A; it is of sandstone, smoothly finished on the inside only, the outside showing the marks of pecking. This receptacle is rudely conical, with a narrow flattish base, and, as in those of the globular type, there is considerable disparity be- tween the thickness of its wall at the base (five inches) and the rim (one inch). This vessel, of course, could have been used as a mortar, but this seems improbable, as the inside is oval rather than round. An oval cooking vessel of sandstone, the inside surface of which exhibits working by both pecking and smoothing, is illustrated in pl. v. Unlike the vessels already de- scribed, the wall of this one is almost uni- form in thickness, which is seven-eighths of an inch at the rim. Near the base is a hole, nearly an inch in diameter, which had been broken through from the inside, then repair- ed with asphaltum in order that the vessel could be used as a water container. A well-formed hemispherical cup of black steatite is shown in pl. vi, in which the pro- portionately thick base is again in evidence, being 14 in., while the rim is only five- INDIAN NOTES PL. XII HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND STONE FISH-LINE SINKERS Length of a, 87 in.) i \ PL. XIII HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND STONE FISH-LINE SINKERS ) (Length of a, 52 in. MORTARS =PEST Las sixteenths of an inch. A cut groove on the rim was apparently made for the pur- pose of receiving an inlay of shell in a base of asphaltum for ornament. This, together with the fact that the edges are sharp and unfinished, indicates that it was not used as a drinking-cup, but as a paint mortar, an assumption supported by the extreme smoothness of the inside. We have noted the reason why the an- cient inhabitants of San Miguel had no opportunity. for becoming proficient in the} art of working steatite, but they certainly bartered for this material with the natives of the neighboring islands, where many soap- stone vessels, both the finely finished glob- ular type and the dish form, have been found. It would therefore have seemed reasonable to expect the occurrence of similar objects on San Miguel, yet not even a frag- ment of any of them was discovered by the expedition. MORTARS AND PESTLES One of the few unfinished stone objects found on San Miguel island is the mortar AND: MON GGRAPEHS 45 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND shown in pl. vu. This is an ordinary beach pebble in which a depression of 13 in. has been roughly pecked. The object shows no evidence of use, the surface of the depression not having been smoothed. Two small mortars are represented in pl. vu. One (a) is of burnt limestone lightly covered outside with asphaltum, and con- tains remains of red hematite. It is prob- able that such small vessels of stone were not alone used for heating asphaltum for use in the multitude of ways in which that substance was employed by the former inhabitants of the island, but also as paint cups. A similar receptacle (6), also made from a beach pebble, is completely coated with red paint. Pestles of the types usual to this locality were numerous on the island. Some, such as that illustrated in pl. 1x, a, have been used secondarily as rubbing or smoothing stones. The specimen shown gives evi- dence of having been worn so much on one side as almost to form a point at its smaller end. The most numerous pestles are of a hard basaltic stone; of these the one pre- IN DIANZGNOTE 5S PL. XIV HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND SINKERS OF STONE (Maximum diameter of 6, 44 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XV STONE SPEARPOINTS : (The longest is 5? in.) PEST LEH AMM E Rss sented in pl. rx, 0, indicates use at both ends, while c shows abrasion by use only on the larger end, the other being quite rough. PESTLE-HAMMERS During the entire research no hammer- stoné was found on the island. Probably such implements were not needed to any great extent on account of the limited amount of stoneworking done, while ran- dom stones employed for driving wooden stakes and for other work with soft mate- rials would hardly exhibit evidence of such use. However, that there was need of ham- mers or pecking implements is shown by the secondary use of pestles as such, and certainly the mortars were fashioned with tools of stone. Two pestles exhibiting use as hammers are shown in pl. x. One of these (c) shows battering at the larger end, and from the hematite paint and asphaltum adhering to its smaller end it would appear that it was used for stirring this mixture while in a state of flux. The pestle with two pits, one on each side, shown in d of the same plate, was used in the same manner AND: MONOGRAPHS 47 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND as the well-known pitted hammerstones. Like the more common forms of pestles, the pestle-hammers illustrated in a and } show use at both ends. An example of a pestle with a knob-like top is exhibited in e, a form frequently met; but in the large series ob- tained none shows evidence of utilization of the small knobbed end as a tool, hence it is probable that this feature was designed to enable the user more easily to Besse a cord to it for suspension. SINKERS Situated, as the natives of San Miguel were, on a small island, they were dependent for food almost entirely on the sea and its products. It is doubtful if any game, ex- cepting birds, could exist even on the adja- cent islands, as continual hunting by what must have been a considerable population, judging by the traces found, would have exterminated nearly every form of animal life. Fish, and an occasional seal or whale, formed the chief diet of the inhabitants, hence it was to have been expected that great care was taken in the manufacture INDIAN-NOTES GEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XVI IMPLEMENTS USED IN WORKING STEATITE (The largest is 72 in. long) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND é “PERFORATED STONES” OF SANDSTONE (Diameter of e, 32 in.) PL. XVIF a DINKERS of their fishing apparatus. The stone sink- ers found show considerable skill in their manufacture, and in some cases they are ornamented with incised designs. PI. x1, a, illustrates a fish-line sinker of light- gray steatite, grooved at the end as a means of fastening, the cord having been attached with asphaltum, some of which still adheres. In 6 of the same plate is shown a sinker of brown steatite, without grooves, although a slight depression is ob- served near the smaller, tapering end to facilitate fastening in a manner similar to the other. Like sinkers of hard stone are to be seen in pl. xu, all cylindrical in form, |and two of them (a, c) grooved for attach- ment at either end, the twisted cord marks still showing clearly in the asphalted ends of one of them (a). The sinker shown in b of this plate, of the ungrooved type, is exceptional in form, for it has two flattened faces which taper toward both ends from its widest part, where the thickness, which here reaches its maximum, is three-quarters of an inch. An example of the ornamented type of AND MONOGRAPHS 50 Vil SAN MIGUEL 1I5LAN2 |stone sinker is given in pl. x1, 0; it is grooved only at one end, and has a blunt base. This sinker is fashioned from soft sandstone, hence the incised decoration, four times repeated, was easily effected. This ornamentation, consisting of a single deep line with numerous short parallel lines at right angles along one side, is found with minor variations on the nine specimens of this type found on San Miguel, thus pre- ‘cluding the probability that this arrange- ment of lines represented an individual prop- erty-mark or decoration. A sinker made of a beach pebble slightly ground on four sides is shown in pl. xi, a. No attempt was made to groove this object, and judg- ing by the impression of the cording, still] seen in the asphaltum, by which it was fas- tened, the sinker had been wrapped at each end for a quarter of its length. Pl. xv, a, illustrates a spherical beach stone that has been ground at one point to produce a small projection with a slight de- pression around it, thus making its use as a sinker possible by the attachment of a line through the usual application of asphaltum. INDIAN NOTES HEYE-—-SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XVII “PERFORATED STONES” OF SANDSTONE (Diameter of 6, which is in process of manufacture, 22 in.) 5 HEYE--SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XIX “PERFORATED STONES” OF DARK-GREEN STEATITE (Maximum diameter of 0, 44 in.) SPEAR POINTS — TOOLS Ordinary pebbles grooved for use as sinkers, such as seen in pl. xiv, 0, were frequently encountered, but none of the specimens of this class shows use as a hammer, nor does asphaltum adhere to any of them, hence it may be assumed that the cords were attached with simple knots. SPEARPOINTS Long, carefully finished spearpoints of hard stone, of the same type as those com- | monly made of bone (pl. xtvi), are scarce, only the three represented in pl. xv having been found. These objects are carefully finished and are slightly flattened on two sides, at the base. STEATITE-WORKING TOOLS One of the few evidences of active stone- working discovered on San Miguel are the four crudely-chipped, pointed, stone imple- ments of the pick form shown in pl. XVI. These are of the same type as the well-known tools for working steatite, found in many parts of the United States. The smaller AND MONOGRAPHS Oe SAN MIGUEL ISLAND examples of this type would make admir- able reamers. PERFORATED STONES Perforated stones, found so commonly on the western coast of the United States, were numerous on San Miguel island. These problematical objects have been discussed | - at length by Putnam (1879) and by Hen- shaw (1887), both of whom reached the conclusion that they were used for a variety of purposes. The perforated stones from San Miguel island include all the known sizes and types, exclusive of the ones with projections. Both sandstone and steatite were used in their manufacture, the latter material pre- dominating in about ninety per cent of the specimens. ‘Those of sandstone are illus-| trated in pl. xvi and xvi. Specimens 8, d, and e of pl. xvi have large and fairly]. straight perforations, while a and c have been treated biconically so that their cen- tral apertures are quite small. The perfora- tions in a and e are very smooth, that of e showing a slight polish, while in the other INDIAN NOTES “Ul $¢ ‘D JO JajaWIeIC) dLILVALS N3SYD-MYVG 4O ,,SANOLS G3LVHO4HAad ?? XX *TId ONV1ISI TANSIW NVS—3ZAaH ‘ul £7 “p JO I9}ouWIeI() SOSIG 114HS HLIM GIVINI SONIY ANOLS 1XX “Id 5 GNV1SI TANSIN NvVS—3ASH PERFORATED STONES three examples no evidence of smoothing, either intentionally or through use, is found. Three others of the large, rough-hole type are depicted in pl. xvi, a, c, d, while b shows one that is deeply pitted on both sides and much battered on the edge, which probably caused its rejection before it was finished. Most of the perforated stones of steatite are not so symmetrical as those made of sandstone. Although some circular ones were recovered, such as that shown in pl. xIx, f, many are irregular in form, but in none of these is shown any attempt at pol- ishing the sides of the holes, which are of the wide, smooth variety. Unlike the sand- stone specimens, those of steatite show high polish on the outer surface, with the excep- tion of e, the original surface of which has been destroyed by drifting sand. These specimens vary in thickness from five- eighths of an inch (e) to 23 in. (d), and all are dark-green in color. Another, of the same material, is represented in pl. xx, J, the chief feature of which is a flattened area on one side. A perforated stone which has AND MONOGRAPHS 35 54 Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND been flaked at one point, the broken part then covered with asphaltum and inlaid with small shell disc-beads, is shown in a |of the same plate. Six of the beads are oval and are made from the keyhole limpet, while the remaining one is circular and is cut from the side of an olivella. The perfora- tion of this circular stone is large and of the biconical type; the sides of the aperture are quite rough, although the outside sur- face of the object is highly polished. The presence of the shell inlay would seem to preclude the use of the specimen for utilitarian purposes, for, had it been so employed, the asphaltum, even when newly applied, would have been easily dislodged. RINGS A modified form of the above class of objects, but showing finer workmanship throughout, are the stone rings. Not many were found by the Museum expedition, and they have no feature worthy of mention except in the examples illustrated in pl. xx. Of these, d is of dark-brown stone, and, like all the other examples shown, is carefully IN DLA IN AN-OET-E S (ur 82 ‘3 Jo y}3ue77) ANOLS JO SLNVGNad XX “Id GNV ISI TANDIW NYS—3ASH "ur $¢ ‘D JO Y]3ue7]) SLNVGNdd JLILVaLS WIXX "Td GNV1SI TANSIN NvS—SASH | mh ORNAMENTS 55 finished. Both sides have been covered with asphaltum and inlaid with the com- |mon shell-discs made from the side of an oliva or an olivella shell. The ring repre- sented in 0 is of gray steatite and bears evi- dence of the inlay on one side only; the rim of its central aperture is ornamented on both sides with short, incised, radiating lines. Fig. ¢ of the plate illustrates a ring = made of gray sandstone which also has inlay only on one side. The dark steatite ring (a) is the only one in the collection with an incrustation of shell beads on the edge. ORNAMENTS -Stone objects for personal adornment, excepting beads, were rather uncommon on San Miguel, most of such ornaments being of shell and bone. Pl. xxir exhibits vari- ous kinds of stone pendants. Of these, a is of gray steatite, cylindrical in form except at the perforated end which is somewhat wedge shape; another (0), of black steatite, is of the same type but is provided with a groove instead of a perforation, and is not flattened at the end; particles of asphaltum AND MONGGRAP HS + Vil SAN MIGUEL PSLAND adhere to the groove, indicating that a cord for suspension was attached in this manner. ‘The small, conical, black steatite pendant, without groove or perforation, illustrated in c, was undoubtedly suspended in like manner. The small pendant of similar material (d) was made from a longer one, as the angle of the base, although some- what smoothed, still reveals the fracture. The grooved cylindrical pendant (e), also of dark steatite, was at one time evidently inlaid with shell discs, as it is almost entirely covered with asphaltum. A pendant made from a natural beach pebble is shown in f, _|the only trace of working, besides the per- foration, being at the base, which has been slightly ground on the broader sides. An unfinished object of gray steatite (g), which} may have been designed for use as a pend- ant, is interesting from the fact that it com- bines, although at opposite ends, both a groove and the beginning of a perforation; the drilling of the latter was commenced from each side, but did not entirely pene- trate the stone. = A pendant similar to some of the above, INDIAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XXIV STEATITE PENDANTS (Height of e, 23 in.) (“Ul £7 ‘p JO YISuUe7T) ALILVA LS 40 SLOArgO AXX “1d QNV1S! TANSIW NVS—S3AaH ORNAMENTS and also of black steatite, is illustrated in pl. xxm, d; it is of the pointed cylindrical type, but varies in so far as it has a much larger hole for suspension. ; A more elaborate class of stone ornaments for personal adornment is shown in pl. xxi, ad, 6. These also are cylindrical, and} are drilled at each end as if a tubular bead had been contemplated. These depressions are shallow, and each meets a hole drilled at a right angle with the body of the bead. The small holes are connected by grooves, considerably widened at the points of con- tact with the holes to prevent chafing of the string or thong by which they were sus- pended. Specimens a and 06 differ in that in the latter specimen one hole slants to the left and one to the right, while in the for- mer the perforations are almost parallel. A flat, almost rectangular ornament of light- gray steatite (c) is drilled lengthwise at the pper end, and is met by a small transverse hole drilled from the face. At the lower end another hole has been drilled through its flat surfaces, but there is no drilling in the end. On the other face a groove con- AND MONOGRAPHS 57 4 58 Vil SAN MEGUELE OLS DA Nw nects the upper end with the perforation at the base. Flat, more or less rounded pendants of steatite are shown in pl. xxiv. Of these, a is of gray steatite, and is only three thirty- seconds of an inch thick, while d is one of the heaviest of its size, being half an inch in thickness. The original perforation of the pendant illustrated in 6 has been broken out and another drilled slightly below it; it ‘is light-green in color, while that of c is dark- green, and e is black. Other steatite objects for personal adorn- ment are shown in pl. xxv. The small, truncated cone-shaped object (a) has a large perforation, which may have been filled with asphaltum and used as a setting for a crystal (such as is shown in pl. xxv1), or for some other precious material. The two curious objects of black steatite shown in pl. xxv, c, grooved on one side, have been {more or less pointed at the upper end by being inserted in one of the openings in such an implement as is shown in 6 and d, and turned back and forth. -Such a process is suggested by the striation at the end. The INDIAN NOTES (‘tt $f ‘3 Jo mSurp) STVLSAYUO GNV SNOILSHONOO TVHNLYN IAXX “Td GNV1S!I TSNSIN NVS—SASH HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XXVII SMOKING PIPES (Length of ¢, 8 in.) ORNAMENTS two flattish perforated objects referred to are likewise of black steatite, which experi- ment shows, however, to be much harder than that of the pair of grooved and pointed specimens. Asphaltum still adheres to one of the ends of each of the latter, which bears the marks of a fine cord wrapping, indicating their use as pendants. They were found at the base of a skull, and as no others were discovered, it is likely that they were ear- pendants. Specimens 6 and d both afford evidence of having been bound to some object when in use. The lower edges of both are straight, and perforations have been broken out and replaced with others. It does not seem that all the holes in these specimens were necessary for the purpose of attachment, hence they may have been employed for rounding and smoothing slender objects, as above suggested. Small, natural concretions and rock crys- tals also were used as ornaments. Pl. xxvI, a, c, are grooved stones of natural formation, the groove in the latter, however, being em- phasized in one or two places by slight grinding. Traces of asphaltum in and near AN Dane OIN OG RAP HS 60 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND the grooves indicate the method of attach- ment to necklaces or the like. Specimen 0 is a smooth, translucent yellow concretion with a globular end, while the other end has been flaked, and the marks of the cord once attached to it are still plainly discern- ible in the asphaltum band. Rock crys- tals were used to a considerable extent as ornaments, as many were found in the graves. Not alone were they used as set- tings in bone pins (pl. Lrx, a), but also as pendants, the cord-marks on the asphaltum- covered end of d showing distinctly. The crystals shown in e-g also indicate, by the adhering particles of the ever-useful as- phaltum, that they had been used in one of the ways mentioned. PIPES Tubular smoking pipes of stone from San Miguel are not numerous, and none were found by the expedition. In the Mu- seum’s collections, however, are the three examples shown in pl. xxvul. Of these, 0 is of the plain type, of black steatite. A more ornate specimen of the same type is INDIAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XXVIII STEATITE TUBES (Length of c, 32 in.) (‘ul gt ‘f Jo y3sus7T) ALILVALS 40 Savaag XIXX °Td GQNV1SI TANSIN NvS—aAaH PPS 00 Bas shown in c. The three ridges on this pipe greatly enhance its appearance. The bone mouth-piece is fixed in place with asphaltum. The smallest of the pipes (0), of white limestone, was generously presented to the ‘| Museum by James B. Ford, Esq. TUBES AND BEADS Steatite tubes longer than that repre- sented in pl. XxvIII, c, were not found on San Miguel. This one was undoubtedly used as a bead, as it was discovered near the neck of a skeleton, in association with smaller tubes of the same character. The Museum collections, however, contain a tube which measures 10 in. in length by 13 in. in diameter; it is similar to the above, except that both ends are serrated. Other cylindrical beads of steatite are shown in plate xxrx, the forms varying from barrel-shape to those with in-curving sides. A variation is seen in 7 of this illus- tration, which has a wall only a sixteenth of an inch thick and which resembles in shape the bone bead shown in pl. Lxviit, c; indeed it may have been intended as an imitation AND: MONOGRAPHS 61 SAN: MIGUEL:ISLEAND of a bead of that material. A notable feature of these stone beads is the fact that they are as finely finished on the inner as on the outer surface. The aperture, rather than being biconical as in the case in many stone beads, is perfectly straight. Various steatite beads with one or more grooves are shown also in pl. xxx. The ends of these are well finished, with the exception of g, which is probably only a fragment of a long bead, as the lower end is. not smooth. The specinmiens indicated by c-e have traces of asphaltum in their] grooves, probably as an aid in suspending other ornaments when the beads were worn jas in a necklace. Specimens /-n, of gray steatite, exhibiting many grooves, are finely finished both on the ends and in the bore. Beads of stone other than steatite were frequently met, most of them made from a dark-red sandstone. Globular beads of this material are seen in pl. xxxi, h-j, although 7 is slightly flattened at each of its broader sides. The cylindrical bead (A) is of identical material, and the barrel- shaped one (m7) is of yellow sandstone. The INDIAN NOTES (“ur $z ‘w yo y}3u977) Ee Se Oe as, ALILVILS 4O Savag aaA00ND XXX "Td GNV1SI TANSIW NvS — SASH (“Ur ET ‘Myo yy8ue7) AINOLS 40 SGV44d IXXX “id GNV1S! WaNSIW NVS—SASH BEADS only specimen of this class manufactured from a coarse white sandstone is shown in 7; it is crude in both form and finish, as the material is not adapted to superior work- manship. Well-finished disc-beads of dark- red ferruginous stone are represented in e and f, while g is of a light-pink, clay-like stone. Beads of various shapes, made of light-red sandstone, are shown in a-d. Of these, a takes the form of a truncated cone. Small steatite beads and other ornaments are presented in pl. xxxir. Crudely shaped ones with rounded sides (a) are numerous, but the more highly finished examples {0), and the smallest ones (c), were found in great numbers; in fact, more of the latter were recovered than all the other stone beads together. The beads of globular ‘form with flattened ends (d) are also well finished, but are comparatively rare. The flat discs (e) are probably blanks such as those from which beads were made, although they also might conveniently have been used as inlays, which is likewise the case in the specimens with three (f) and with two (g) perforations. A relatively smooth surface, AND MONOGRAPHS 63 64 SAN MIGUEL TS LAND such as the inner side of a shell, would not readily adhere to asphaltum, hence the inlays would easily fall off; but when per- forated, the stone or shell discs became much more firmly imbedded. This matter will be discussed later. Two small, flat pendants of steatite are shown in k of the plate, while z presents irregular flat beads of the same material. Almost all the small beads and pendants are of the black variety of soapstone, which, although of greater hardness than the other kinds, and therefore not so readily worked, was susceptible of better finish and insured greater durability of the ornaments made thereof. Materials other than steatite were like- wise, though seldom, used in the manufac- ture of beads. Examples are illustrated in pl. xxx, some of which, like a, of a type common to Mexico, are of light-green ser- pentine. The bead referred to is not per- forated centrally, but has two holes drilled from each end at an angle. Others of the form commonly met with in Mexico (such as 6) are of the same material and were un- INDIAN NOTES (‘UI ¢ SI (Y) UeuIdeds ysa8uUOT 91,7.) dLILvVaLs MOV1d 40 savagd WXXX “Id GNV1SI TANSIN NYVS—3ASH PL. XXXII1 HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND STONE BEADS (The maximum diameter of the largest (6) is 1 in.) (‘ul $87 ‘Y}8ue7) G€n10 YO GYUOMS 4ANOLS AIXXX “Id GNV1SI 1TANSIN NVS—3ASH ie , .* hy SWORD OR CLUB |questionably obtained from the South by barter. ‘The beads indicated as ¢ are barrel- shape ones of amethyst, a material not na- tive to San Miguel. Only eleven of these were found, all in one grave. A few beads made from steatite, but of a color different from those above described, were also found, but their forms do not differ from the beads of black soapstone. A finely fin- ished disc-bead of an emerald-green steatite is illustrated in pl. xxxm, c, while those lettered d show: examples of crudely-fin- ished beads of light-gray stone of the same kind. In f are exhibited two of five finely- finished beads of translucent brown stea- tite, the only specimens of this variety recovered. SWORD OR CLUB In the collections of the Museum is the | finely-finished object of stone shown in pl. XXXIV; it bears the shape of a sword, and probably was used either as such or as a club. Along its upper edge is a shallow groove that extends the entire length of the implement, designed possibly to receive an AND MONOGRAPHS 65 66 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND inlay of shell discs imbedded in asphaltum, such as was so commonly employed by the San Miguel islanders for decoration. A practical handle is provided by the knob- like end. CHIPPED OBJECTS The ancient inhabitants of San Miguel -|island were expert in the art of stone-chip- ping, and no finer examples of such handi- craft have been found, not even the remark- able points from Columbia river excelling them. Various kinds of stone were em- ployed in this process, but chalcedony pre- dominated, with obsidian the next in favor. Pl. xxxv illustrates in color a knife-blade of light-gray chalcedony, the butt end of which retains traces of its former wooden handle with the asphaltum bedding adher- ing to it. Each side of the knife bears a cross rudely painted with hematite (oxide of iron). No record has been found of any painted chipped implement from the west- ern part of the United States, but Mr Clarence B. Moore mentions one found by INDIANINOLTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XXXK¥ PAINTED CHALCEDONY KNIFE (Length 6 7-8 in.) CHALCHDONY: BLADES him in Florida, although it has no traceable design. (Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast, Part 1, p. 438). ~ Smaller knife-blades of chalcedony, still retaining some of the asphaltum with which the handle was secured, are shown in. pl. xxxvi1. The smaller blades of this type are readily distinguished from projectile points, as they are much thicker at the center, and are not nearly so well finished, care having been taken only with the cutting edges. Various forms of knife-blades and small projectile points are represented in pl. XxXxvil. Of these, the one shown in the upper right-hand corner is an almost cir- cular scraper, the only one of this type re- covered, and is of such a delicate character that it could well have been used in the manufacture of the finest of the shell orna- ments. Like the other artifacts shown in’ this illustration, it is of chalcedony. Pl. xxxvut exhibits blades with stems. and barbs, and some of them have ser- rated edges. The largest implement shown in the plate is probably a knife-blade, for, unlike the projectile points, it is thick at AND MONOGRAPHS 67 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND, the center, although knife-blades are not usually provided with stems. Still other forms of points are illustrated in pl. Xxxrx and XL, many with serrated edges. Pl. Xxxix, c, shows a unique speci- men, as there are only three teeth, widely- spaced, on each side. Drill-points of vari- ous forms are illustrated in pl. xxxrx, a, J, and in most of the lower row of pl. xt. Representative chipped knife-blades of chalcedony, with the asphaltum mounting and fragments of the wooden handles, are depicted in pl. X11. Of all the chipped implements from San Miguel, the finest example is shown in pl. xtu. It is of a light-brown, semi-trans- parent chalcedony, and at its thickest part measures only an eighth of an inch. The object is of entirely too delicate a character to have been utilitarian; it may have been hung from the neck as a pendant, although its shape would seem to preclude its use as such, or it was possibly set in a bone as and used as a hair-ornament. An interesting chalcedony implement, nothing similar to which was found, is shown INDIAN NOLES (UL £@ SI Jsasuo] OY) ANOGAO1VHO 40 S3dvV1¢d 44IN» WAXXX “Ad GNV1S!I TANDSIW NYS—=sa,35y (‘ur ¥¢ st ou0 ysaSuoy oy) ANOGAOIVHO GaddIHO 4O SLOV4AILYV WAXXX "Id GNV1SI TSNDIW NYS—S3ASH Obs tprAN BLADES in the first of the objects illustrated in pl. xLi. It was originally a chipped blade of the ordinary type, but exhibits secondary use aS a reamer, as it is worn round and smooth for nearly half its length. The other specimens shown in this plate are unworked flakes of brown chalcedony, of which 213 were found accompanying two burials. With little labor they could have been made into drills similar to some of those shown in pl. x1, to which attention has been called. Crude as they are, it would have been possible also, by reason of their sharply fractured edges, to use them in fashioning shell ornaments. Flat stone flakes with secondary chipping to adapt them for use aS scrapers are shown in pl. xLiv, although from its shape the one at the ex- treme left might also have been used as a reamer. : Obsidian, used also to a large extent for blades and points, does not seem to have been so adaptable as chalcedony for the finer chipping, as few obsidian artifdcts note- worthy in this respect were found. The large obsidian knife-blades particularly were AND MONOGRAPHS 69 70 Vil SANS MPG UEDL 1S LA Nesp Fic. 1.—Obsidian knife. (Length 6 in.) rather crude- ly made, the chips being large and ir- regular, as is plainly shown by the exam- ple presented in fig. 1. Tn: pl say smaller blades of the same material are shown, many of them of crude. work- manship. The points exhib- iting the best finish are those represented in a, b, the latter being supe- rior. The small _ point illustrated in INDIAN NOTES (suoj “Ul 8¢ SI Jsas1V] OTT) SINIOd YV4adS OGNV MOYYV WIIAXXX “Id GNV1SI TANSIN NVS—SASH (“Ur 2f¢ St SeSuoy oy) SLNIOdMOUYUYUV GNV SITIYG XIXXX “Td GNV1SI TSNSIN NVYS—3ASH (‘Ur € SI }SosuO] oT] 7,) STTIYG GNV ‘SHAINM ‘SLNIOdMOYYV QNV1SI TAN9IW NVS—3A3SH (‘UI F¢ sornsvot ustutseds ys1y oY) INILNNOW NAWNLIG HLIM S30V19 J4SINM 11X “Id GNV1SI TANSIN NY¥S—3ASH OBS LD TAN HOOK a may have been used as a reamer, as the depressions in the two edges, rather than showing intentional chipping, give evidence of having been caused by wear. That some of the Chumash, however, could work obsidian as well as other tribes, is shown by the finely finished, notched hook illustrated in fig. 2. From the brittle nature of the material, the use of this ob- ject as a fishhook is not probable. The possible use of hooks in general as pen- dants will be referred to later. In fig. 3 is represented a type of chipped AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND stone implements occasionally encountered in this general region. Although the Mu- seum expedition recovered but one specimen of this class, seven others are illustrated in} an article by H. Newell Wardle (1913), in which the author states that the objects “show amid their variation a strong family likeness, peculiarity and specialization of Fic. 3.—“Scarifier” of flint. (Length, 22 in.) outline, for which it would be difficult to suggest other than surgical uses.” It should be explained that the author here uses the term surgical ‘‘in its broader sense to cover any operation of a cutting imple- ment upon living tissue.’ Miss Wardle adds that ‘‘ceremonial scarifying was a com- mon practice among the California tribes.” INDIAN NOTES HEYE— SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XLII CHALCEDONY POINT SHOWING DELICATE CHIPPING (Height, 12 in.) | , 73 GRINDERS ABRADING TOOLS Native sandstone was used to a large ex- tent for grinding shell as well as for sharpen- ing bone awls and other implements. A piece of such a stone variously scored by grinding is shown in fig. 4. It would seem Fic. 4.—Grinder of sandstone. (Diameter, 83 in.) that the coarse nature of this brownish- yellow sandstone made it very suitable also for shaping shell disc-beads after they had been perforated and strung. AND MONOGRAPHS 74. SAN MIGUEL ISLAND BONE OBJECTS - The bone implements and ornaments of San. Miguel island are very numerous, and most of them are well made. Bones of the sea-lion, deer, and whale, and of fish and birds. of many kinds, were utilized, and some ornaments were made even from human bones. WHALE-BONES AS GRAVE MARKERS Regarding the occurrence of whale-bones in association. with human burials, Schu- | macher (1877, - pp. 38-39). states; = athe skeletons were found from three to six feet underground, and often from three to four resting one above the other, separated, if at all, by the bones of the whale.” Again, “To find a skeleton at the bottom of a pit, at the depth of about five or six feet, espe- cially if there be none above it, is consid- ered by the practical digger a lucky hit, and causes him to work carefully in the removal of the slabs and whale-bones.”’ To this day many vertebre of whales are found to mark the position of burials. Ow- INDIAN NOTES (Suo] ‘ut £z si ‘1eureed vB ‘uaurtoeds 4s1y 9 ],) ANOLS AO SHOLVYOSAYAd GNV YAWVsAd {tl1X *Id GNV1SI TANSIW NVS—3ASH (‘ur $z ‘uaurdads ysI1y 94} JO 1451977) ANOLS 40 SdadVdOS A\1X ‘4d GNV1S1 TANDIN NVS—S3ASH (“ur $p ‘9 Jo yy8u07]) SINAWAIdNI NVIGISA€O GaddIHO A1X “1d GNV1SI IANSIW NVS—S3AaH HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. XLV} BONE POINTS FOR ARROWS OR SPEARS (Length of a, 8% in.) BONE OBJECTS ing to the drifting of the sand, which is violent at times, many of these bones are covered to a great depth, while others have Fic 5.—Whale vertebra used for lining graves. (Extreme diameter, 133 in.) been displaced. No whale-bones that had been used as lining for the graves were found, although small ones, such as the ver- tebra shown in fig. 5, might well have been AND MONOGRAPHS 75 4 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND employed for such purpose, as the greatest thickness of the typical one illustrated is only two inches. The larger kind, found usually as markers, are represented by the one exhibited in fig. 6. These bones show Fic. 6.—Whale vertebra used as a grave marker. (Length, 34 in.) no evidence of having been worked. In some cases they were found as much as three feet above the skeleton whose burial they marked. ~ WHALE-BONE MORTAR Owing to their great size and strength, bones of the whale were used in many ways INDIAN NOTES WHALE-BONE MORTAR for tools of varying shapes and sizes. It is difficult to imagine, however, why. so much labor should have been expended on the central part of a whale’s vertebra in Fic. 7.— Mortar of a whale vertebra. (Diameter at base, 103 in.) order to produce a mortar such as is shown } in fig. 7. The inside of this specimen has been worked out, with a rounded base, until the wall of the receptacle is only 12 in. in AND MONOGRAPHS 77 78 Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND thickness. The projections of the vertebra were removed by grinding, as no sign of cutting is shown. VARIOUS OBJECTS Figs. 8 and 9 represent two bone imple- -|ments from San Miguel that resemble those made by Indians of the vicinity of Puget sound and Vancouver island. The former is fashioned from whale-bone, grooved around a short upper projection. Although generally resembling in form the bark- shredder of Vancouver island, and even the woman’s knife of the Eskimo, it is possible that this implement had been hafted by means of the projection and used as a knife. The other object (fig. 9) is a handle made from the radius of the elephant seal, Mirounga angustirosiris Gill; it is of the same type as the wooden ones of the Puget Sound region and those of bone from the Eskimo which are used for adzes or picks. Cylindrical whale-bone objects, more or less pointed, are reproduced in pl. xLv1, of which d is of the very pointed type that may INDIAN NOTES WHALE-BONE IMPLEMENTS have been used either as an awl or as a point for a small spear. Specimens a-c, more rounded at the end, might well have served as foreshafts for spears or for similar weapons, or even as spearpoints. Fic. 8.—Knife made of whale-bone. The one lettered c still has asphaltum ad- hering to it, showing that it has been inserted in a socket. Implements of whale-bone that may have been used in skin-dressing and in many AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL IS LAxa other ways are illustrated in Dp lo ~i ay ee Many, suchas), are heavy and strong enough for use as clubs with which to kill fish and even seals. These objects are all flat on one side, and the edges as wellas both ends have been carefully round- jed, but none of them shows an edge that is sharp enough ion Cuttin se purposes. , Chisel-like bone tools are represented in Fig. 9.—Tool-handle made from the radius of the elephant seal. INDIAN: NOTES (‘ul 202 ‘9 Jo y}Sue7) SJNOdea IVHM AO SLOALEO ATX “Td GNV1SI TSN9SIW NVS—SASH PL. XLVIII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND HEYE BONE CHISELS AND REAMER (Length of a, 11 in.) WHALE-BONE IMPLEMENTS pl. xtvi1, b-e. In these the pointed end has a cutting edge, while the other end is only roughly cut. The implement shown in e exhibits use as a reamer, as will be seen by the notches near the pointed end. The _|flat curved specimen (a), made from the rib of a-cetacean, is fairly sharp, but is not fashioned in a chisel-like way. Other curved implements are shown in pl. xLrx, made from bones other than those of the whale, but it has been found impos- sible to identify them. In each instance both ends have been worked, some to a point, others in a rounded manner. ‘These tools, } which show superior workmanship and fin- ish, might have been used for weaving or platting sea-grass into garments or mats, or possibly forthe shanks of fishhooks—a use that will be discussed later. Still other curved bone implements are exhibited in pl. 1, all made from the ribs of deer or sea-lion. The butt end has been left in its natural state, while the other end, in the examples shown in a and d, is ground to a point. The smaller ends of 0 and c, although blunt, likewise show evidence of AN DoOMONOGRA PHS 81 4 82 vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND working. ‘These latter two objects would have made ideal tools for chipping stone, the natural curve of the rib fitting the hand in such a way as to afford a firm grip. That many of the bone tools were fitted to handles or to other objects is proved by the specimens with asphaltum still remain- ing on them (pl. 11), which bears the marks| of cord-wrapping. In the case of a, the impression of the wrapping does not show -|on the asphaltum itself, but on the imple- ment above the place where it occurs. Figure 0 illustrates a curved bone blade, _| with a rounded end, set in a socket or handle of asphaltum. A hole in this socket indi- cates that a similar bone point was origin- ally placed there. A few cord-marks are still discernible on the surface, and the en- tire object suggests part of a bird spear similar to those used by the Eskimo. It is possible that this implement was utilized for some such purpose in conjunction with a bone socket. The implement illustrated in c was likewise provided with a handle, as shown by the cord-marks, and when so mounted it was used for chipping stone, the INDIAN NOTES (‘Ur Fg SE ISSO] ot) SLINAWATdNI ANOG GAAYNO XI1X “Td GNV1S!I TANSIW NVS—aAASH ("Ul {9 “p Jo yy3U0T) SLNAWA1dWI 3NO@ GAAHNO 1 *1d GNV1S!I TANSIW NYS—sAdH BLS HOOK'S well-worn end being characteristic of flaking tools. FISHHOOKS In a brief article Bowers (1883) says: “The true fish-hook of what may be termed the Santa Barbara Indians has never, to my knowledge, been figured. . . . These hooks were made of two slightly curved pieces of bone pointed at each end, and firmly tied together at the lower end and cemented with asphaltum.” The accompanying sketches (fig. 10) from Bowers’ article are illumining as regards the bi-pointed, well-finished bone implements shown in pl. tu. No specimen of this type found by the expedition on San Miguel island gives any indication of having been wrapped with cord, although similar imple- ments in the Museum’s collections from other California islands bear such evidence. These pointed bones, in connection with the curved ones shown in pls. xir1x and 1, would make fishhooks similar to those figured by Bowers. Other curved bone objects, well pointed at one end, are illustrated in pl. rm. All AND MONOGRAPHS 8 | SAN MIGUEL ISEANS the blunt ends show evidence of having been mounted with the usual asphaltum, Fic. 10.—Bone fishhooks. (After Bowers.) and were used, like those shown in pl. cu as fishhooks. The smallest of the points shown in pl. Lut, however, is of a different INDIAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. BONE ARTIFACTS WITH ASPHALTUM MOUNTINGS (Length of 6, 32 in.) LI HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. Lil BI-POINTED BONE IMPLEMENTS (The longest is 32 in. in length) Fic. 11.—Bone fishhook barbs. (Length of c, 33 in.) AND MONOGRAPHS 86 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND type, as it is flattened on both sides and ground straight on one edge near the blunt end. It likewise is the barb of a fishhook that was originally mounted with a bone shank. Other and larger bone objects (fig. 11) that had been used in a similar manner were occasionally met. Two of these (a, b) are pointed at one end only, the other end having been left in its natural state. The barb of specimen c, on the contrary, has been carefully finished throughout. BODKINS AND PUNCHES As deer were not known to San Miguel island, implements made from their bones are rather scarce, both the finished artifacts and the raw material from which they were manufactured having been obtained from the mainland. Of the bodkin, or punch, made from the ulna of the deer and found so commonly throughout the United States, only two examples were unearthed on San Miguel (fig. 12). The specimen shown in a is covered with a thin layer of asphaltum, suggesting that, in addition to its custom- [INDIAN NO DES PL. itll HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND BARBS OF BONE (The last specimen PL, LIV HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND BONE AWLS (Length of a, 5 ) in. 7 8 BODKINS— PUNCHES Se ary use, it may have been used for stirring melted asphaltum or for applying it to ob- jects. The other specimen:(d), on the con- b Fic. 12.—Bodkins or punches made from ulne of deer. (Length of b, 42 in.) AMD MONOGRAPHS + Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND trary, shows no evidence of the application of asphaltum, and it has a well-worn point such as is common to implements of this character. ARROWPOINTS Bone arrowpoints were used by the Chan- nel islanders. In the Museum’s collection Fic. 13.— Bone arrowpoints (a, 6), and worked teeth (¢, d). (Length of a, 1,3; in.) is one found on Santa Catalina island, which has penetrated a human sternum; this, how- ever, is of the slender type, of which none was found on San Miguel, the only two re- covered being of the blunt kind, generally used for stunning birds (fig. 13, a, 8). INDIAN NOTES PENDANTS. These differ in form, one having a groove as the means of attachment to the shaft, the other being cut away at the base to afford a firm hold for the seizing. PENDANTS Bones in the form of pendants and pins were used for personal adornment (Cos- tans6, 1769, (4) p. 45), and animal-teeth and bird-claws were similarly worn. In fig. 13, c, is shown a canine tooth of the sea-lion (Zalophus californianus) perforated for suspension, while a similar one (fig. 14, a) has been used as a pendant by the common method of wrapping the end with a cord| attached with asphaltum. Near the pointed end of the latter tooth may be seen a small oval that. has been cut through the enamel to receive an inlay, as shown by the asphal- tum still adhering to the depression, proba- bly of haliotis shell. The base of a canine -|tooth of the elephant seal (fig. 13, d), with the top cut off, suggests that the use of teeth for other than ornamental purposes was not unknown to the San Miguel people. Illustrated in fig. 14; }, is an eagle-claw, per- AND MONOGRAPHS 90 SAN MIGUEL ISLA forated for suspension, the drilled end being coated with asphaltum; but it Shows neither cord-marks nor depressions where inlays Fic. 14.—Sea-lion tooth (a) and eagle-claw (6) used as pendants. (Length of 0, 1} in.) Vil INDTAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LV BONE AWLS AND HAIRPINS (Length of a, 62 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LVk BONE PINS AND NEEDLES (Length of a, 73 in.) aVWES PINs might have been set. A necklace consisting of fourteen eagle-claws, similarly mounted, was found in a grave, but no others were recovered. AWLS AND PINS A great many awls were found, most of which are made from bird-bones (pl. Liv, d, e), while others are from the bones of deer and sea-lion (a-c). Not much care was taken in fashioning the bird-bone awls, but many examples of those manufactured from the bones of other animals are worked and finished throughout, such as those shown in pl. Liv, c, and Lv, c, d, the latter two being highly polished from use. The deer-bone awl of the slender, pin type, which may have been used as a hair-ornament, is illustrated in pl. tv, a. Specimens 0, of deer-bone, and e and f, of bird-bone, are fashioned in such manner that the enlarged articular end served as the head of the object when used aS a pin or as a hair-ornament. Used for the latter purpose, they could have been decorated with shell rings or other objects in AND ‘MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND such a way that the ornaments would not drop off while the pins were in use. Other and smaller pins of animal bone are illustrated in pl. Lv1. Of these, a is a slender one, pointed at both ends, finely -|finished throughout; the upper end shown in the illustration is highly polished from use. A smaller one of the same type (0) is covered more than half its length with cord-marked asphaltum, and its more pointed end is likewise polished from use. This pin, when decorated, might well have been used as a hair-ornament; and the larger specimen (a) could have been deco- rated and used in the same manner. An- other form of bone pin (c) is finely polished, and could well have been utilized in a practical way for holding skin garments together. The encircling groove near its head would have enabled its owner to tie it to the garment or to another object to pre- vent loss. NEEDLES Bone needles of two types, the curved (pl. tv, d, f) and the straight (e), were fre- INDIAN-NOGES (‘ur EP] SI ‘OAInd S}T SUTMOTIOF “g JO q3u0'7) . NIdHIVH 3NOG GSAYHNO GNV NYOH G4ALNIOd WAT ‘1d GNV1S!I 1SN9IW NVS—3ASH HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LVIII DECORATED HAIR-ORNAMENTS OF BONE (Length of 0, 6 in.) NEEDLES-WAND quently encountered. Most of these are curved, and all are flattened on two sides, not a single cylindrical. example having been recovered. Both ends are ground, and the eye-end is flattened to a wedge shape. The perforation of the needles is more or less reamed or countersunk on both sides to prevent wearing of the thread. WAND OR STAFF An interesting specimen is illustrated in pl. rx, c. This bone, probably that of a deer, has been worked to a thin end, which is perforated, although only half the drill- ing remains. The bone has been entirely covered with asphaltum, which fills the under hollow side completely. The outer surface was wholly incrusted with small, perforated, olivella shell disc-beads, the aper- tures allowing the asphaltum to maintain a firmer grip upon the discs than if the smooth, highly-polished, inner surface of the shell alone had been used. ‘The larger end has not been cut or finished in any way, but like the rest of the object it is cov- ered with asphaltum. When found, this AND MONOGRAPHS5 93 94 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND specimen was in the left hand of the skele- ton of a person who in life had doubtless been an important member of his tribe (see page 39), and the object was probably a wand or staff of office, such as similar ob- jects of wood, inlaid with metal, used by certain caciques in Bolivia to this day. . HATR-ORNAMENTS _ A finely finished object made from a deer- rib and probably used as a hair-pin is illus- trated in pl. vu, b. It has been carefully worked down to a thinness not seen in any other pin-like implement from San Miguel. At its thickest point, which is at the blunt end, it measures only three-sixteenths of an inch. Its maximum width is eleven-six- teenths of an inch. The pointed end of the} implement is polished for only a -short distance. A deer antler (a) that bears evidence of having been worked only at its wide end, which is ground flat, might have been used either as a tool-handle or, set with a crystal or other object similar to the specimen shown in pl. LIX, a, as an ornament. VII INDIAN. NOLES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LIX BONE HAIR-ORNAMENTS AND INLAID WAND (Length of c, 113 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LX BONE OBJECTS, PROBABLY HAIR-ORNAMENTS (Length of 6, 53 in.) HAIR-ORNAMENTS In pl. tv are seen three bone objects of similar shape that probably were likewise used as hair-pins. Found in different graves, they were in each case near the back of a skeleton. Figure a of the plate has a well-finished surface with a single, long, in- cised line upon it. That this mark. was not accidental is proved by the fact that, when magnified, several strie are shown in the cutting. The next specimen (b) exhibits an attempt at much more elaborate decoration by incising. The transverse bands suggest the cord-marks so often seen when objects are coated with asphaltum, although in this particular instance the only trace ‘of this substance is in the incised decoration above the perforation. The third pendant (c) shown in pl. Lvmm exhibits a form of deco- ration consisting of dots, made with a small perforating tool, so arranged as to form. triangles with their apices meeting at the center of the object and their bases resting on its edges. All three of the specimens here noted are ornamented on one side only. A deer-bone pin, found with a similar one under a skull, is shown in pl. trx, a. It is AND MONOGRAPITS 96 VII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND well finished with a ridge around the top, made perhaps for the purpose of keeping in place some such ornament as the inlaid shells represented in pl. cxmr. The end is filled with asphaltum, in which a rock crys- tal is inserted. The small bone pin pre- sented in 6 of the same plate also was found under a skull. The original perforation having been broken out, a new one was drilled immediately beneath. Asphaltum still adheres to the part around the broken perforation, and there are incised notches on both edges near the same end. The fragment of a deer-bone hair-pin of the same type as that mentioned above (pl. LIx, a), but more elaborately carved, is shown in pl. Lx, 6. Instead of a ridge at the end to hold the shell ornament in place, the natural enlargement of the bone has been utilized for this purpose. Along the edges are notches to prevent the pin from slipping from the hair as easily as if the edges were smooth. This probably accounts for the similar incisions on the bone pin shown in a of the same plate, which also was found at the back of a skull. In INDIAN NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL |SLAND PL. LX} BONE HAIR-ORNAMENTS (Length of c, 144 in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LXI? HAIRPINS OF HUMAN AND DEER BONE (Length of d, 11% in.) HAIR-PINS like position were found all of the bone pins illustrated in pl. tx1 and Lx, hence these may reasonably be assumed to have been hair-ornaments. The three specimens shown in pl. txz are made from fragments split from a rib of a cetacean; and in the cases of a and are simply rounded off on the end op- posite the point. In this respect c differs in that it has had a notch cut in its broader end, the adhering asphaltum indicating that it was ornamented at this point. All of these objects are very thin, the thickest part of any of them being near the notched end of c, which is only an eighth of an inch. A bird-bone pin for the hair (pl. Lxu, a) does not differ essentially from certain others above described, except that it has a rude perforation through its head, so that, if desired, an ornament could have been suspended. The remaining four specimens shown in this plate are all made from human fibule, and were found at the back of skulls, the two specimens d and e coming from the same grave. Both 0b and ¢ are pointed at both ends and are well finished, while the pair d and e are pointed at one end only, AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND and to an extreme degree. Both of these have been slightly narrowed near the head, so that a shell or other ornament placed there would easily have retained its position. WHISTLES AND FLUTES A few whistles made from tibie of deer (Odocoileus hemionus californicus) were found (pl. xm). In each case one end is in its natural state, while the opposite end is ground off. Plugs of asphaltum were placed in the vents, in order to make the note of the whistle shrill. The surface of all these instruments shows that asphaltum has been applied, particularly in the case of 3, where the impression of cord-wrapping may be seen. The openings are of different shapes, depending on the size and form of the stone used for abrading that part of. the surface of the whistle where the vent ap- pears, which evidently was done by rubbing a gritty stone at a right angle with the length of the bone. Two of the whistles illustrated (a, d) have small orifices, while the other two (0, c) are rather large. Another type of whistle, or call, made INDIAN NOTES (“tr g0T ‘P JO WI3Ue]) ANOd 30 SATLSIHM WIX7d “Td GNV1S!I TANSIW NVS—SASH (ut £¢ ‘5 Jo yy3ue7]) SNO48 AO SATLSIHM AIX1 11d QNV1SI TSNSINW NV¥S—SASH WHS PES PLU PEs from bird-bones (pl. LxIv), may be divided into two classes: those having the end stopped with asphaltum (a-c, f), and those with asphaltum wrapped around the end (d, e, g). In the vents of these whistles a small lump of asphaltum: has been placed, as shown plainly in c. The openings were made by abrasion in the manner above de- scribed, excepting in the case of d and e, which were probably first made by drilling and then were enlarged. Two whistles (f, g) show marks in the adhering asphaltum where they have been wrapped with cord, specimen g having been treated in this man- ner throughout its length. An attempt at ornamentation by means of a shell-disc inlay in asphaltum has been made on the butt of e and f, as shown both by the circular im- pression left therein and by the small, coni- cal projection in the center that filled the perforation in what was undoubtedly a haliotis shell ornament similar to one of those illustrated in pl. LXxx. Two other small whistles (pl. txv, a, b) dif- fer from the above in so far as they have the vent close toone end. Theseprobably have AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND been made by refinishing fragments of bro- ken bone flutes; in fact, the beginning of what had been another, perforation may be seen at the right end of 0. Both of these whistles are of the class that have the as- phaltum plug on the inner side of the end. A flute (pl. txv, d) made from a humerus of the brown pelican has six small drilled holes and a larger one, made by the usual rasping process. Within the bone at the latter opening is a plug of asphaltum simi- lar to the plugs in the whistles, and the end is heavily overlaid with the same substance. A fragment of another form of flute, also of bird-bone, is shown inc, the end of which is naturally closed, making unnecessary the application of asphaltum. This instrument has been broken at the large opening, part of the edge of which remains. Besides the two small vents shown in the illustration, there are two similar ones on the under side, between, not opposite, the others. TUBES Many bone tubes of varying sizes and degrees of finish were recovered on San INDIAN NOTES (‘Ul ¢T “p Jo ySU9T) ANOd 40 SLNAWNYLSNI 1VOISNW AX1 “1d GNV1SI TSNSIW NYS—3ASH PL. LXVI HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND BONE TUBES (Length of a, 54 in.) LUBES Miguel. Some of these are shown in pl. LXVI. Two (a, bd) are selected for illustra- tion from fourteen found with one burial, all having been placed on the breast-bone of a skeleton, but it is im- possible to say whether they were used as a necklace. The ends of these tubes, which conform in shape with the natural bone, are ground and polished, and in a few instances (b) the entire tube is similarly treated. Some tubes were ground on theendsand then worked over their entire surfaces, leav- ing ridges at the ends iG. d); they W CTE Fy. 15.—Box made from the humerus of a deer. (Height, 34 in.) probably made in this AND MONOGRAPHS 101 + 102 Vil SAN MIGUEL 1ST AN fashion so that, when covered with as- phaltum and inlaid with shell discs, they would be cylindrical. That this form was not considered indispensable, however, is shown by two examples (e, f) that have been cut from a part of the bone having a flattened side. These tubes are all of deer- bone. ‘Two others (g, 2) show the range of size of the tubes made from bird-bone. The ends of the larger of these (k) have been carefully ground, a feature unusual in the bird-bone tubes, most of the ends being left unfinished after cutting (pl. Lxvut, 7). Tubes similar to that shown in pl. txvu, h,|. were used as mouth-pieces for tubular stone pipes, and they also might well be unfin- ished whistles. A tubular box made from part of the humerus of a deer is illustrated in fig. 15. The bottom is formed by attaching a hali- otis shell disc to the bone with asphaltum, which overlays the edge of the shell, thus fastening it securely. A hole has been drilled near the open end for suspension of the object from a belt or a necklace. The INDIAN NOTES (ur > ‘ Jo y38u9'7) S3gNL JNO GALVYOOAIG WAX “Id GNV1S!I TANDSIW NVS—SAaH PL. LXVIII SAN MIGUEL ISLAND HEYE BONE TUBES OR BEADS (Length of a, 24 in.) PECOR ATED: TUBES bone is highly -polished, as if from much handling. Pl. xvi illustrates bone tubes decorated with shell inlays or by incising. The tube shown in a is similar in form to others al- ready described (pl. txv1, c, d), and still has some of the olivella disc-beads adher- ing to it by means of asphaltum, traces of which are found on other parts of the sur- face as well. Another tube (e) shows evi- dence of wear on both the inside and the outside surfaces at the ends, and is deco- rated not alone with the usual olivella discs, but also with a larger, more or less rectangu- lar, inlay of haliotis. A similar object, though used for a different purpose, is likewise of bone, but instead of being rounded, it is oval in cross-section (d); it has the usual ornamentation of olivella discs; and on each side is a slit reaching about a third of the way down, so that a blade of stone could have been mounted in it. The decoration being of such a delicate nature would seem to preclude the use of this object as a handle for an ordinary tool, hence pos- AND-MONOGRAPHS 103 - SAN MIGUEL ISLAN®, sibly it was used as a hilt for a pendant or other ornament. A form of tube with a deep groove cut around it at each end (pl. Lxvu, 0) was not common, six being recovered in all. The one illustrated shows use both inside Oevoescsce Cares pice netgtones a fee 700 000 00200 POCO Cont te Soog 0 = e eS Fo 9 = © . ©, % ¢ Poh me eee o © OP oc e © o& ° © . Ca Meo © 0 Se, % « ° Tone 0% Se 0 © 8@%— %,° © ° a oo 6 © © ao, @ ve s > =e 00, %co ° 0 0% % § Choe © © $ °c. 8 ra © 6% © o @ © © oo. Pac ° ¢ %o “oe e0 oe = e % ¢ ORs © 5 Sq 80° os “e ei ah oo 29. foc8 woanse woes $f BE ROE © 6 Po Toh POCO HO EHO OOOO OCD O16 08 0% 0% 0,96 © oe ip © e 6 6 ros %, ° o: . oee 1) *e ee oS Cecaton 6 So * ee Gun oe 5 0 0°, ow © e 6 cs ; to °0 © 6 6 © © 6 ee © aes € "oe ct a < ae C6, c e 6 e eors © © Or 7:0: t © *, © gfe, ce eS tegen 4 wee e ° = s COO REO? OCO © C0 LOO O66 © COCEeO Co oceoeccce Fic. 16.—Dotted Hecoenicee on a bone tube. and outside, the inside being similar to that of the specimen next to be described. The ends are finely rounded and finished, and there is no trace of asphaltum on the sur- face or in the grooves, either of this or of the five similar tubes. A tube exhibiting a more ambitious at- tempt at decoration is the only one of its INDIAN{NOTES DECOR ALED TUBES kind found (c). The design, composed of a series of small dots cut in the bone with a sharp point, covers the entire surface, but it is not symmetrical, as fig. 16 shows. The interior of this tube, like the one last de- Fic. 17.—Section of bone tube. scribed, shows evidence of working and usage; it has been hollowed or reamed out to a sharp edge (fig. 17), which shows a polish as if from much use. All of the specimens shown in pl. Lxvit are of deer-bone. AND MONOGRAPHS 106 VII SAN MIGUEL ISEAND BEADS The many bone beads found on San Mi- guel are of various sizes. Those figured in pl. xvi are of deer-bone, with the excep- tion of 6, which is of sea-lion bone, and shows a rude attempt at smoothing the ends after the cutting process had been com- pleted. Four of the beads (a, d-f), besides being finely finished at the rims, are also reamed out on the inside from both ends in}. a manner similar to the decorated bone tube described on page 105. One of them (d) shows a slight groove rudely cut around the center. The beads shown in ¢, g, h, 7-l are ground on the ends and carefully fin- ished on their edges, but they show no evi- dence of interior working. The long bead (i) has been partly cut at the ends, then broken off, and probably was never finished. The bird-bone beads from San Miguel]. that show working in addition to mere cutting may be divided into two classes. Those similar to the lower nine figured in pl. Lxrx, besides being ground smooth at the ends, are rounded on the outer edges, giving INDIAN NOTES (Y}8U9] UL “UL T SI JSasuO] OY,],) ANOg-du1d 40 SQVAd 2 2 - . . ee Re Sas Rete x XIX "Id GNV1SI 1SNSIW NVS—S3ASH HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LXX ORNAMENTED BONE PENDANTS (Height of 6, 33 in.) BEADS them more or less of a barrel form. Those of the other class, examples of which are illustrated in the upper eight figures of the plate, are ground squarely at the ends. L Fic. 18.—Bone pendants and beads. (Length of a, 2} in.) AND MONOGRAPHS 108 VII SAN MIGUEL IS LA NS Two bone beads (fig. 18, c, d) with cen- tral grooves are similar in form to certain beads of stone already described (pl. xxx). These are finished ornaments, not beads in} course of manufacture, as might be sup- posed from the crude grooving. The ends are ground and rounded, and both speci- mens present evidence of use by their polish on the inside and at the ends. PENDANTS A curious object (fig. 18, a) is composed of a cluster of nine tubular bird-bone beads held together at one end with asphaltum. The free ends of all the bones have been finished by grinding, and the three that show through the binding on the other end have been worked in the same manner. As the asphaltum bears marks of cord-wrap- ping, the object was probably a pendant. Bone pendants from San Miguel are rare, only three having been recovered. One (fig. 18, 6) is very crude, being a small fragment of bone roughly ground on the edges, with a disproportionately large and crude perforation. The other two (pl. Lxx) INDIAN NOTES PENDANTS are much more elaborate, both being orna- mented with series of incised dots. One (a) is made from part of the humerus of a deer; it is well finished, both ends are care- fully ground, and a hole for suspension has been made, from the outside only, near |- the smaller end. ‘The decoration consists of a series of tiny incised dots arranged in two bands across the pendant beneath the per- foration, from the lowermost of which ex- tend four zigzag bands to the base. The other pendant (0) is made from an uniden- tifable bone, both faces and edges having been ground, with the exception of the broken edge at the upper part of the right side. This break is old, as its edges show wear. The ornamentation of this object with bands of irregular incised dots is on one face only, and in workmanship and appearance the pendant resembles certain ornaments made of clam-shell, such as the first specimen in pl. crix. The perforation had been broken out when the object was found. and as it was recovered from beneath a skull, with no evidence of a necklace near, it had apparently been placed alone AND MONOGRAPHS + SAN MIGUEL PSLANSE with the burial rather than in association with other ornaments. OBJECTS OF FISH-BONE It might be supposed that, owing to the ‘limitless number of fish within easy reach of the Indians of San Miguel, and the im- portance of sea food to them, many imple- ments and ornaments made from the bones of fish would have been recovered, but this was not the case. Although in the general refuse of the village-sites innumerable bones of fish, particularly fragments of vertebre and head-bones, were observed, few were found in graves. With two burials were dis- covered a number of the dental plates of the eagle-ray (Myliobatis californicus Gill)— the mouth-bones which enable that fish to crush the shells of oysters, clams, and mus- sels, on which it feeds. Sixty-four of these were found with one skeleton, and twenty- seven with another, in each case being in a pile near the shoulder. The ridges of these plates overhang the edge of the bony struc- ture and terminate in a sharp point (fig. 19). The writer’s experiments indicate INDIAN NOTES FIsSHe-BONE OBJE@TS that these bones could have been used as implements in two ways: as a file or a rasp for smoothing objects of bone, shell, or} even of wood, and as a tool for producing the incised decoration found on the edges of Fic. 19.—Dental plates of the eagle-ray, used as imple- ments. (The uppermost specimen is 2 in. long.) so many of the ornaments of haliotis shell to be described. | The only instances in which artificially modified fish-bones were encountered are certain small vertebrae used as beads, of which several hundred were found, all too small for identification, as many of them are AND MONOGRAPHS ehh =: i? Vil SAN - MIGUEL ISLAN® less than a quarter of an inch in diameter (fig. 20). These are roughly perforated, with no attempt at smoothing the sur- faces. In the collections of this Museum, and obtained from the Karok tribe of north- ern California, there are two specimens of the toss-and-catch game made with a bone pin; and instead of the usual deer phalan- ges it has five small fish vertebre on the string. These are perforated and worked Fic. 20.—Beads made from vertebre of small fish. (Diameter of a, } in. on the outside in a manner similar to those shown in fig. 20 It is therefore very pos- sible that some of these small vertebra were also used for this purpose, besides being utilized as beads. On one skeleton, in place, was found a necklace composed of seven- teen beads made from vertebre of the large mackerel! (Scomtride, probably Germo ala- IN DIAN SNOW ES BEADS lunga Gmelin), shown in fig. 21. These are not only ground out on the inside, but an attempt has been made to produce more or less symmetry by smoothing the project- ing- parts, particularly the rims, on the outside. Fic. 21.—Beads made from vertebre of mackerel. (Diameter of the first specimen, 1% in.) It is not improbable that the small num- ber of fish-bone beads is due to the custom of the islanders of making “beads of the bones of fish, which served them as articles of exchange with the people of the con- tinent,” as previously noted (Herrera, 1615; Burney, 1803). AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND TURTLESHELL In only one instance was a turtleshell found as an accompaniment to a burial. Pl. Lxxt illustrates the entire carapace and part of another of a Pacific mud-turtle, Clemmys marmorata (Baird and Girard), that had been used as the two sides of a rattle. In the collections of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, is a turtleshell rattle from San Clemente island. Two carapaces were perforated extensively (as are those from San Miguel here illus- trated), small pebbles were placed between them, and the shells were then fastened to- gether around the edges with asphaltum. A larger perforation in the center of the turtleshell enabled a long bird-bone to be thrust through the rattle at a right angle to the shell and secured in place by means of asphaltum. The bird-bone is of the kind provided with a head at one end and a fine point at the other for use as a hair-orna- ment, as before described. This bone seems entirely too slender to grasp as a INDIAN NOTES (Buoy ‘ul 8p SE YSTt oY} 7B VU oY) FTLLVY TIFHSAILYNL V 40 SACIS GNV1SI TANSIN NVS—3ASH IXX1 “Id (Soy ‘uT 247 st 9 uij{juTOd Mose otf 7) [SLNIOdMOYYYV AG GALVYLANAd SANOdE NVNNH I1XX1 “Td GNV1SI TANSIW NVS—3AaH Sk REE TONS handle, hence it is likely that the rattle- like object was used as a hair-ornament. Some olivella shell disc-beads are still in place in the San Clemente specimen, each one placed over a perforation in the carapace, the apertures in the discs not being filled with asphaltum. There is little doubt that] - the turtleshells here shown (pl. Lxxz) were used in a manner similar to that described, although neither carapace has any trace of adhering asphaltum. ARROW WOUNDS The human skeletal remains having generally been found in good condition, a comprehensive collection was obtained. A study of their important features is now in progress by the Department of Physical Anthropology of the Museum, and several papers pertaining thereto will ultimately follow the one already published (see Oette- sire O20) cess < - | Only four human bones require mention here, as they have been penetrated by stone arrowpoints, as illustrated in pl. Lxxmu. A right humerus (d) shows the butt of a AND MONOGRAPHS tal) 116 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND chalcedony point projecting five-sixteenths of an inch from the bone, and presents also an example of osteothytosis. In the case of the sternum (c), the arrowpoint has passed completely through the bone, the projecting | end measuring 13%; in. Another finely-fin- ished chalcedony arrowpoint, measuring 2% in. in length, has been driven entirely through a scapula (b); while a right pelvic bone (a) is of unusual interest because it has been penetrated by two points, one of which, visible in the illustration, has been broken off at the back and projects only seven- eighths of an inch, while the other, on the opposite side near the socket and therefore not seen in the plate, shows merely the tip of a similar point, the surrounding bone at this area exhibiting osteothytosis. With this description it has been seen what an important part bone played in the life of the Chumash of San Miguel, and the skill and facility with which those natives fashioned implements and ornaments there- from. VII INDIAN-NOTES HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LXXIIt HALIOTIS SHELL USED AS ANASPHALTUM CONTAINER (Side and inner views. Length, 42 in.) PL. LXXIV HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PAINT RECEPTACLE OF HALIOTIS SHELL (Length, 8+ in.) HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LXXV HALIOTIS SHELL PENDANT WITH INLAID DECORATION (Height, 33 in.) (Cul Z “@ JO WYS1077) STYUV4d SILOIIVHINOYSFGVNISLNINVNYO (AXX1 “Id GNV1SI 14NSIW NVS—AA3SH SH Edy OR PE TS: SHELL OBJECTS Most numerous of all artifacts recovered from the graves of San Miguel are the shell ornaments, of almost countless shapes and sizes. As before stated, such ornaments were found almost entirely with skeletons of children, and in a number of cases were arranged in piles surrounding the burials. Many of the small objects made from hali- otis shell may have been used as inlays, and others possibly were attached as pendants either to necklaces or to garments, for we know from Costansé (1769, 4) that rude clothing of otter-skin and deerskin was worn by the islanders. Some of the larger shell ornaments were utilized as hair-orna- ments, affixed by the long bone pins previ- ously described. 5 UTILITARIAN OBJECTS OF HALIOTIS Of the two species of haliotis shell (popu- larly known as abalone) found in the vicin- ity of San Miguel, with few exceptions that known as Haliotis californiensis was used. Great numbers of entire shells of this species were found in the graves, sometimes as AND MONOGRAPHS de 118 Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND many as eighteen or twenty with a burial, |and often they had been placed on-the skull. Most of these shells give no evidence of having otherwise been used, although many have seen use aS Spoons or scoops, a purpose to which they could readily have been put Fic. 22.—Haliotis-shell scoop. (Maximum diameter, 72 in.) by stopping with asphaltum plugs the nat- ural apertures always found in them (fig. 22). When treated in this manner such shells were used also for containing asphal- tum and oxide of iron (hematite) used as paint. Embedded in the contents of the INDIAN NOTES (ul 7 “p JO WBueT) SWIY TISHS-SILOIIVH WOH JGVW Ssavad WAXX1 “Id ; GNV1SI TANDIN NVS—SAaH HEYE—SAN MIGUEL ISLAND PL. LXXVII PENDANTS MADE FROM HALIOTIS-SHELL RIMS (The largest is 93 in. long) HALLO TIS-CONTAINERS asphaltum receptacle illustrated in fig. 23 is a small haliotis shell that was used for scooping the asphaltum while soft. In order to prevent the contents from spilling, a mass of asphaltum was sometimes applied Fic. 23.—Haliotis shell used for containing asphaltum. (Diameter, 5% in.) to the outside to cause the shell to stand level (pl. rxxm). A haliotis shell used as a receptacle for red paint (pl. LxxIv, a) has had a hole broken in its side and repaired on the outer surface with a fragment of another haliotis shell attached with asphaltum (0). AND MONOGRAPHS 119 120 SAN MIGUEL ISLANS ORNAMENTS OF HALIOTIS Of the countless ornaments of haliotis found on the island, only one pendant (pl. LXxv) of that material exhibits any attempt at decoration by inlaying, the usual olivella shell discs having been applied with asphal- tum. ‘This object was ground on the side shown in the illustration, and at the lower edge was cut a slight groove (which shows on the left side at the base), to which the asphaltum was applied while soft, and thirteen shell discs were embedded therein. Two perforations for suspension were drilled from the outer side of the shell, shown in the illustration, but no modifica- tion of its inner surface appears. The so-called ‘‘pearls’ of the haliotis— protuberant growths on the inside of the shell having all the beauty of color and iri- descence of the shell itselfi—were used both as beads and as pendants. These pearls were carefully removed, then ground on the edges where necessary, and the surface of the back flattened and smoothed. De- pending on form more than on size, they VII INDIAN NOTES (‘ur $q ‘Dp Jo yy3ue7) TISHS SILOITVH 40 SLNAWVNHO GS3HSINISNA X1IXX1 “Id GNV1SI TSN9INW NvyS—SAaH ("ur %F . Many of the bone pins were found back of or close to the skulls, as were also some of the larger shell ornaments, indicating that they were used in connection with hair- dressing. Positive knowledge respecting the use of the shell hooks would be of value, for it seems improbable that these should have been used for fishing, when at best only small fish could have been caught with them, whereas large ones abounded in the waters of the Santa Barbara channel. Moreover, a hook of requisite size could AND MONOGRAPHS 162 VEE SAN MIGUEL ISLAND have been made more easily and more ef-| © fectually by lashing two bones together. If, on the other hand, the shell hooks were de- signed to adorn articles of apparel, being tied with cords, what was hung on them? Comparatively few of the numerous shell ornaments found would have fitted over their points. Could they have been used as fetishes or charms for insuring success in fishing, and if so, was a part of a fish impaled on them to increase their potency? The ancient inhabitants of San Miguel were not workers in stone to any particular extent. No steatite is found in place on the island, and no workshop or refuse from stoneworking to any degree has been found. It is probable that the majority of their stone objects were obtained by barter from neighboring islanders south of them. Again, as in all-archeological work in this general region, the problem of the perfo- rated stones arises. These could have been and probably were used for a variety of pur- poses, for the Indian does not lack individu- ality in the use of even simple objects. As an instance of this, the writer once met an INDIAN NOTES SUMMARY Indian who exhibited some of the contents of his work-bag, among which were some of the common type of bone implements known as awls. These were of different sizes, and on being asked in regard to the use of the various kinds, the owner explained how he used them, and on reaching the smaller ones he demonstrated the fact that they were used as toothpicks! The Chumash exhibited considerable dex- terity in fashioning bone and shell to suit their esthetic taste, and this seems to have been their chief industry. The supply of shell was inexhaustible, and asphaltum, which was used so extensively for inlaying, was to be had from the well at Wescott shoal, almost at their very doors. The bones of cetaceans and of sea-lions were also abundantly supplied by the nearby waters, and many varieties of birds are still to be seen on and about the Channel islands. Therefore the only animal whose bone the natives employed to any extent and which must have been procured by barter, was that of the deer. In the case of the long pins for which deer-bone was commonly utilized, AND MONOGRAPHS 164 SAN MEGUEL ISLAND we have seen that in some instances human bones were substituted; but the question whether these were worn as trophies remains unanswered. The very life of the Chumash of San Miguel depended on their ability to leave their limited domain at wilJ, and the de- scription by early voyagers of their well- built canoes with their long paddles, so skilfully and powerfully used, leaves no doubt as to their means of communication with adjacent islands and the mainland. It is therefore to be regretted that no example of the only means of transportation which the islanders possessed has been found. INDIAN NOTES 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR FREDERICK J. TEG- GART, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA* 1542 (1) ReLacton, 6 diario, de la navegacion que hizo Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo con dos navios, al descubrimiento del paso del Mar del Sur al] . norte, desde 27 de Junio de 1542 hasta 14 de Abril del siguiente ano. In [Smith, Thomas Buckingham, ed.] Coleccion de va rios documentos para la historia de la Florida y tierras adyacentes. Tomo I. Londres, [1857]. pp. 173-189. (2) Retacron del descubrimiento que hizo Juan Rodriguez, navegando por la contracosta del Mar del Sur al Norte, hecha por Juan Paez. (Julio de 1542.) In Coleccion de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones espafiolas de América y Oceania. . . Tomo xiv. Madrid, 1870. pp. 165-191. Same as the preceding, printed from another copy of the original. (3) TRANSLATION [by Richard Stuart Evans] from the Spanish of the account by the pilot Ferrel of the voyage of Cabrillo along the west coast of North America in 1542. With intro- ductory notes by H. W. Henshaw. . *The titles of a few additional works referred to in the text have been added by the author. Jn U. S. Army—Engineer department. Report upon United States geographical surveys west of the one hun- AND MONOGRAPHS = 166 -| of them called La Posesion. SAN MIGUEL ISLAND dredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. . + + Vol. VII. Archeology. Washington, 1879. Appendix, pp. 293-314. (4) Retation of the voyage of Juan Rod- riguez Cabrillo, 1542-1543. In Original narratives of early American history. Spanish exploration in the Southwest: 1542-1706. Edited by Herbert Eugene Bolton. New York, 1916. pp. 13-39. “On Wednesday, the 18th of the said month [October, 1542], they proceeded along the coast until ten o’clock, see- ing that all the coast was populated; and because there was a fresh wind and canoes did not come to them, they drew near to a headland which forms a cape like a galley, and named it Cape Galera [Point Concepcién]. It isin thirty-six degrees, full. And because a strong northwest wind struck them they stood off shore and discovered two islands, one large [Santa Rosa], probably about eight leagues long from east to west, the other [San Miguel] about four leagues. They are inhabited, and in this small one there is a good port [Cuyler’s harbor]. They are ten leagues from the mainland. They are called the Islands of San Lucas. ._. ._ They remained in these islands until the following Wednesday because it was very stormy. On Wednesday, the 25th of the said month, they left these islands, setting out from the one which was most to f windward. It has a very good port, which within gives shelter from all storms of the sea. They called it La Bosesion ys) sea Die aioe “On Thursday, the 23d of the month [November], they arrived, on the return, in the islands of San Lucas, at one Passing the winter on the island of La Posesion, on the 3d of the month of January, 1543, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, captain of the said ships, departed from this life, as the result of a fall which he suffered on said island when they were there before, from which he broke an arm near the shoulder. He left as captain the chief pilot, who was one Bartolome Ferrelo, a native of the Levant. At the time of his death he emphatically charged them not to leave off exploring as much as possible of all that coast. They named the island the Island of Juan Rodriguez. The Indians call it Ciquimuymu; the next they call Nicalque, and the next, Limu. On this island of La Posesion there are two pueblos, one called Zaco and the other Nimollollo. On the next island there are three pueblos, one called Ni- INDIAN NOTES BeBLIOGRAPH ¥ chochi, another Coycoy, and another Estocoloco. On the third island there are eight pueblos, namely, Niqueses- quelua, Poele, Pisqueno, Pualnacatup, Patiquiu, Patiqui- lid, Ninumu, Muoc, Pilidquay, and Lilibeque. The Indians of these islands are very poor. They are fishermen, and they eat nothing except fish. They sleep on the ground. Their sole business and employment is fishing. They say that in each house there are fifty persons. They live very swinishly, and go about naked. They remained on these islands from the 23d of No- vember till the 19th of January. During all this time, which was nearly two months, there were very heavy winter winds and rains. The prevailing winds were west-south- west, south-southwest, and west-northwest. There were very violent winds. On Friday, the 19th of the said month of January, 1543, they set sail from the island of Juan Rodriguez, which is called Ciquimuymu, to go to the mainland in search of some provisions for their voyage. . . .” [Continues with an account of their difficulties in getting away from theislands.] pp. 33-34. “On Monday, the 5th of the month of March, 1543, in the morning, they found themselves at the island of Juan Rodriguez, but they did not dare enter the port be- cause of the high tempest which caused breakers at its entrance in fifteen fathoms. The wind was from the north- northwest. The entrance is narrow. They ran to shelter under the island of San Salvador [Santa Cruz] on the south- eastsidey Ss 32. pp: 37-38: See also Davipson, George (1886); HotpEr, Charles Frederick (1910). 1602 RELACION breve en que se dé noticia del de- scubrimiento que se hizo en la Nueva-Espafa, en la mar del Sur, desde el puerto de Acapulco hasta mds adelante del cabo Mendocino; en que se da cuenta de las riquezas y buen temple y comodidades del reino de Californias, y de cémo podra S. M. 4 poca costa pacificable y encorporable en su Real Corona, y hacer que en él se predique el santo Evangelio, por el padre Fr. Antonio de la Ascension, religioso carmelita AND MONOGRAPHS 167 = SAN MIGUEL TsLAND descalzo que se hallé en él, y como cosmégrafo lo demarcé. In Coleccion de documentos inéditos relativos al de- scubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones espafiolas de América y Oceania. Tomo viii. Madrid, 1867. pp. 539-574. This Coleccién is sometimes referred to as by Joaquin F. Pacheco and Francisco de Cardenas. CaRRASCO Y GUISASOLA, Francisco, ed. Documentos referentes al reconocimiento de las costas de las Californias desde el Cabo de San Lucas al de Mendocino, recopiladas en el Ar- chivo de Indias. Madrid, Direccién de Hidro- grafia, 1882-1883. 2 pts. pp. 214. See more particularly: Resefia del descubrimiento y demarcacion de las costas de Californias desde el cabo de S. Lucas al Mendocino, por Sebastian Vizcaino, 1602. (Documento nim. 28.) pp. 68-107. Cf. Capitulo 13. Delasalida dela ysla de Santa Catalina y llegada al puerto de Monterrey. pp. 95-98. Copia del libro [diario] llevado por Sebastian Vizcaino durante el descubrimiento y demarcacion de las costas del Mar del Sur, desde e! puerto de Acapulco al cabo Mendo- cino, en 1602. (Documento nim. 29.) pp. 109-148. Derrotero de la navegacion desde el puerto de acap®©. al cabo mendogino y boca de las Californias fecho por el cap®. geronimo Mm. [Martin] Palacios cosmégrafo mayor 3 (Documento num. 30.) pp. 149-172. Explicacion que acompafia 4 cada una de las vistas de costa y planos de este derrotero. 1603. pp. 172-182. See Paractos, Gerénimo Martin (1603). Diary of Sebastian Vizcaino, 1602-1603. In Original narratives of early American history. Spanish exploration in the Southwest: 1542-1706. Edited by Herbert Eugene Bolton. New York, 1916. pp. 52-103. Does not mention San Miguel island. Of the Indians in the Santa Barbara channel he says: ““So we went on skirting the coast, and on Monday, the 2d of the said month [December] we sighted two other large islands. Passing between the first and the mainland, acanoe came out to us with two Indian fishermen, who had a great quantity of fish, rowing so swiftly that they seemed to fly. pei INDIAN NOTES Bib LrIoGRraAPHyY After they had gone five Indians came in another canoe, so well constructed and built that since Noah’s Ark a finer and lighter vessel with timbers better made has not been seen. Four men rowed, with an old man in the centre, singing as in a mifote of the Indians of New Spain, and the others responding to him. . . . Only the old man spoke, 4). This Indian was so intelligent that he appeared to be not a barbarian but a person of great understanding. . . .” pp. 87-88. A BRIEF report of the discovery in the South Sea, by Fray Antonio de la Ascensién, 1602- 1603. In Original narratives of early American history. Spanish exploration in the Southwest: 1542-1706. Edited by Herbert Eugene Bolton. New York, 1916. pp. 104- 134. 1603 Patacios, Gerénimo Martin. Explication que acompajfia 4 cada una de las vistas de costa y planos de este derrotero. 1603. In Carrasco y Guisasola, Francisco, ed. Documentos referentes al reconocimiento de las costas de las Californias desde el Cabo de San Lucas al de Mendocino, recopiladas A el Archivo de Indias. Madrid, 1882-1883. pp. 172- Dis Explicacion— Vista nim. 26. Desde la punta de arboleda nur. 39 hasta el nim. 40 es la costa de yslas como sehalad. la oja, y Ja ysla rasa de buena gente esta demtro de una en- senada y muy serca de la tierra firme. Tiene mucha gente buena. Ocho leguas al sur de esta ysla esta la ysla de Santa catalina, que es muy grande, como ba semalada. Tiene 4 la parte del nordeste buenos surgideros y un puerto muy abrigado con dos farallones 4 la boca, se puede entrar por calquier parte de ellos seguramente, esta en altura de 34° y medio, en lo demas tocante 4 esta ysla me remito al derrotero, al norueste de esta ysla estan la de Santa Baruara y de san nicolas, y son pobladas y todas muy seguras de bajos y en la misma altura. Vista nim. 27. Desde la punta de rio dulce, nim. 41, hasta el num. 42, corre la costa de norueste-sueste quarta al este-veste. Toda la tierra de mucha arboieda. La costa muy segura sin ningun rio, puerto ni ensenada, muy AND MONOGRAPHS 169 = 170 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND poblada de gemte y las tres yslas que se ben en la hoja son como ban sefialadas, muy pobladas de gemte barbuda, morena, diferente de las demas gemte de las otras yslas, son muy seguras de todo genero de bajos y en lo demas me remito al derrotero. Vista nim. 28. Desde el nim. 43 hasta la punta de la limpia concepcion que sigue 4 la hoja de atras, Tiene 4 la parte del norueste de ella dos farallones ‘chi- quitos y entre ellos vnas bajos que todo sera de una legua qe ae de san gregorio esta en la hoja de atras. pp. 180-181. 1615 HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, Antonio de. His- toria general de los hechos de los castellanos en las-islas y tierra firme del mar oceano. Decada setima. Madrid, [1615.] —— Same. Madrid, 1730. Libro V. Capitulo m.. Del viage, que hizieron dos nauios, que embio don Antonio de Mendoga a descubrir la costa de Ja mar del Sur, desde neuua Espafia. pp. 112- 113. (1730 ed., pp. 89-90.) Capitulo mmr. Que prosigue el descubrimiento de los dos nauios de don Antonio de Mendoga por la mar del Sur. pp. i14-115. (1730 ed., pp. 90-91. y descubrieron dos Islas, la vna de ocho leguas de costa Leste Oeste, y la otra quatro, en esta de-: scubrieron vn puerto pequeno muy bueno, hallaroias muy pobladas: y esta gente, y toda la de la costa de atras viue de pesquerias, y hazer cuentas de huessos de pescados, para rescatar con la gente de la tierra firme, y estaran diez leguas del Cabo de la Galera,-correse Oeste, quarta al Ne orueste. En ocho dias, q en este puerto estuuieron, fue- ron bien tratados de los Indios, los quales anda desnudos, y traen las caras pintadas, a manera de axedrez, y a aes puerto llamaron dela Posesion.” p.113, (1730 ed., p. 89.) 1629 ZARATE SALMERON, Gerénimo de. Jornada de Sebastian Vizcaino al Cabo Mendocino. In his Relaciones de todas las cosas que en el Nuevo Mexico se han visto y sabido, . . . desde el afio de 1538 hasta el de 1626... . . pp. 14-23. In Documentos INDIAN NOTES we Beeb torG RAP Ty para la historia de Mexico. Tercera série. Mexico, 1856. Vol. II, pp. 1-112. 1723 TorquEMADA, Juan de. Primera parte de los .| vienteiun libros rituales i monarchia indiana . Madrid, 1723. Libro quinto. Cap. xtv. Donce se da principio 4 la jornada, que Sebastian Vizcaino hico, por este Mar del Sur, y del intento, que huvo para hacerse el viage, y jor- nada del Cabo Mendocino, esta quinta vez, que fue a descubrirse. pp. 693-725. Libro quinto. Cap. tur. En que se trata de lo que le sucedié 4 esta Armada, desde que salié de el Puerto de San Diego, hasta llegar al Puerto de Monte-Rey. pp. 711-715. Reprinted in: [BuRRIEL, Andres Marcos.] Noticia de la California, y de su conquista temporal, y espiritual, hasta el tiempo presente, sacada de la Historia Manuscrita, formada en Mexico afio de 1739. por e! Padre Miguél Venegas, : Tomo Tercero. Madrid, 1757. Appendice II. pp. 22- 139. Cap. Lim. pp. 89- 101. Also in: ——— A natural and civil nite of California Me: Translated from the original Spanish of Miguel Venegas, . . . Vol. II. London, 1759. pp. 227-308. Other translations were made into Dutch (1761-1762), French (1767), German (1769). The account of the voyage of Vizcaino from Torque- mada translated into English, was printed in: U. S. House of Repr. 25th Congress, 3d session. Report 101, Jan. 4, 1839. Appendix D, pp. 37-41. This item I have been unable to see. I presume that it is a reprint of the English version of Venegas. 1734 GONZALEZ CABRERA BUENO, IOSEPH. Nav- egacion especulativa, y practica. Manila, 1734. Parte quinta. Capit. iv. Derrota desde el Cabo de Mendocino, hasta el Puerto de Acapulco por la Costa. pp- 302-313. Cf. pp. 304-305: . vna Punta de tierra baxa pelada, que esta en 35. grados y medio, y se llama la Punta de la Concep- AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND cion, y de esta Punta a delante, corre la Costa de Leste, Oeste y la quarta del Norueste, Sueste, mas de 25. leguas y tierra gruessa; en el medio de este Camino ay mucha Arboleda en lo alto de la tierra hasta la mar; y al Sueste de esta Punta, cosa de ocho leguas, esta vna Isla mediana, que tendra tres leguas en redondo, con dos otres piedras, y vn Farallon de la parte del Nornorueste de ella, mas de vna legua, en el qual Farallon, ay muchos Lobos. y por eso se llama Farallon de Lobos; de la Isla dicha a la parte del Leste, estan otras Islas mas grandes, en Cordillera vnas con otras, y la que esta mas al Leste es la mas grande de todas, y mas alta y tendida de Norueste, Sueste, con tres Farallones, de la parte de Leste, apartados de la Isla, mas de vna legua y media; todas estas Islas, son muy pobladas de gente amiga de Espafioles vsan de Embarcaciones pe- quenas, al modo de las Islas de los Ladrones, excepto que no tienen Velas, tendran estas Islas de longitud, mas de veinte leguas, y entre ellas y la tierra firme, ay muy bien Bee. y seguro; y se llama la Canal de Santa Barbara. la Punta de la Conversion, y esta en altura de an grados; advierto qel que viniere del Cabo Mendocino, por Derrota 4 buscar esta Canal, se pondra seis leguas a la mar del dicho Cabo, y por el Sueste quarta al Sur, ven- dra 4 dar 4 la Canal dicha de Santa Barbara, siempre 3 vista de tierra de la Punta de la Conversion, se va costeando la Costa al Leste mas de diez leguas de tierra aspera, y dob- lada A la mar, y va haziendo la Costa vna Ensenada de tierra baxa, cerca de la mar, y sin abrigo, ni raparo de la Isla vltima de las quatro Islas dichas, al Sudueste quarta del Sur, esta vn Islote pequeno. Norte Sur quarta del Nordeste, y Sudueste, con la Punta de la Conversion, y al Leste de el cosa de cinco leguas, esta vna Isla pequena y alta, que tendra tres leguas de contorno que se llama de Santa Barbara; al Leste de esta Isla mas de ocho leguas, esta otra Isla grande y alta que tendra de contorno mas de veinte leguas, y lo mas largo de ella, es de Norueste, Sueste; tiene esta Isla muchos reparos por la parte del Nordeste para abrigo de los vientos de la mar, y esta muy poblada de gente amiga, y el medio de ella esta en altura 34. grados y medio, y se llama la Isla de Santa Cathalina; al Sur quarta Al Sueste de esta Isla, cosa de dos leguas, esta una grande y muy alta que se llama de S. Clemente, esta en altura de 34. grados escasos, . . . pp. 304-305 INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 1757 BurRIEL, Andres Marcos. See TORQUEMADA | (1723). 1769 (1) Cosrans6, Miguel. Diario historico de los viages de mar, y tierra hechos al Norte de ie Calitormia ..< 24 Executados,- por) la tropa destinada a dicho objeto al mando de Den Gaspir de ‘Portola. 2): 8 "Y por los paquebots el S. Carlos, y el S. Antonio al mando de Don Vicente Vila . . . Mexico, 1770. pp. 56. eh —] An historical journal of the expeditions, by sea and land, to the North of California; in 1768, 1769, and 1770: when Spanish establishments were first made at San- Diego and Monte-Rey. Translated by William Reveley. London, 1790. pp. 76. (3) [ | Early California history. The expeditions of 1769. _ Land of Sunshine, 14 (Los Angeles, Cal., 1901). 485- 496; 15 (1901), 38-47. (4) — The narrative of the Portola expedition of 1769-1770 by Miguel Costansé. Edited by Adolph van Hemert-Engert and Frederick J. Teggart. Berkeley, 1910. Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History. Vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 91-159. A general description of the Indians of the Santa nee channel is given, pp. 132-140. A brief vocabulary, p- ; (5) The Portolé expedition of 1769- 1770. Diary of Miguel Costansé. Edited by Frederick J. Teggart. Berkeley, 1911. wD MONOGRAPHS 173 4 174 VII SANSMIGUEL 15 LAND Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History. Vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 161-327. Thursday, August 24, 1769. ‘*. . . From this place, which we named San Luis Rey, we discovered, in the afternoon, the three last islands of the Canal de Santa Barbara. These are San Bernardo, the most westerly; then Santa Cruz, to the east; and Santa Barbara, the most easterly of the three, which gave its name to the stretch of eas and coast about which we are speaking. p. 20 Thursday, January 4,1770. ‘*. .. . The island of San Bernardo, in the language of the natives, is called Thoa; that of Santa Cruz is called Lotolic; that of Santa Barbara, Anajup.” p. 309. Compare the map of California by Costans6, given fac- ing title-page. Crespi, Fr. Juan. Copia del diario y cami- nata que hizo la espedicion desde el puerto de San Diego de Alcala hasta el de Monterey, sali- endo el 14 de Julio de 1769. In Palot, Fr. Francisco. Noticias de la Nueva Cali- fornia. In Documentos para la historia de Mexico, Cuarta série, Tomo VI. Mexico, 1857. pp. 284-501. Also in Tomo Il. San Francisco, 1874. (California Historical Society’s Publication.) pp. 100-244. _ August 24, 1769: gen gentil de este pueblo 4 quien los soldados ee el loco, muy bailarin, se nos aficioné de tal manera que nos viene siguiendo y nos sirve de mucho y serviera para las otras rancherias; desde este paraje vimos por la tarde las tres Ultimas islas de la canal de Santa Barbara, que son San Bernardo la mas occidental, Santa Cruz que sigue para Levante y Santa Barbara es la mas oriental; tienen los indios de este pueblo siete canoas que estan pescando; algunas de ellas son bien grandes.” p. 326. (1874 ed., pp. 147-148. ; Vita, Vicente. The Portold expedition of 1769-1770. Diary of Vicente Vila. Edited by Robert Selden Rose. Berkeley, 1911. : Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History. Vol. 2, no. 1 No ) description of the islands, which were passed April 26, 1769. INDIAN NOTES BLBLiLoGkR APH Y 1775 Faces, Pedro. Voyage en Californie .. . |traduit de l’espagnol sur le manuscrit inédit de la bibiothéque de M. Ternaux-Compans. Nouvelles annales des voyages et des sciences géographiques, 101 (Paris, 1844), 145-182, 311-347. The earliest detailed description of the Indians of Cali- fornia. The Spanish document has not been printed. 1798 VANCOUVER, George. A voyage of discovery to the North. Pacific Ocean, and round the woud ©... «2. Vol. JE. sLondon,.17/98. “1793 November [9] irra the westernmost, or first island, forming the canal of St@ Barbara, called in one of the Spanish charts St. Miguel, in the other St. Barnardo, (the former of which I have adopted) bore S. 25 E. to S. 32 E.; the next called in one of those charts St@ Rosa, in the other St. Miguel (the former of which I have continued) bore S. 42 E., to S. 54 E.; and a high hill on the third island, called in the Spanish charts sta Cruz, bore S. 70 E.” p. 448. 1802 [FERNANDEZ DE NAVARRETE, Martin.] In- troduccion. Jn Relacion del viage hecho por las goletas Sutil y Mexicana en el afio de 1792 para reconocer el Estrecho de Fuca; con una Introduccion en que se da noticia de las expe- diciones executadas anteriormente por los Es- pafioles en busca del paso del noroeste de la América. . _ Madrid, 1802. pp. i-clxviil. _ Viage de Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, pp. xxix—xxxvi. Viage de Sebastian Vizcaino, pp. lx-Ixvii. 1803 BurNEY, James. A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Part I. . . . London, 1803. AND MONOGRAPHS SAN MIGUEL ISLAND 1542. Voyage of J. Rod. Cabrillo,” pp. 221-225. “The wind coming to blow from the ‘North West, they stood off to sea, and saw two islands, one of which had eight leagues of coast East and West; the other four leagues. In the latter they. found a small but good port, which was named De la Possession. They are 10 leagues distant from C. dela Galera. . There were on this island many people who lived by fishing. They made beads of the bones of fish, which served them as articles of exchange with the people of the continent. They went naked, and painted their faces in squares ‘in the manner of a chess board.’ The Spaniards remained eight days at Puerto de la Possession, and during that time were upon terms of great good will with the inhabitants. . oOo Se DOE “The island of eight leagues of coast differs two degrees in the latitude ascribed to it, from the island of S!@ Cruz as placed in the charts; yet it can no where else be looked for; and one of the smaller islands near S!@ Cruz, must be sup- posed the island De la Possession.” p. 224. 1806 BurNEY, James. A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Oceans 32-34) Parhii Bondonaiair “1602. Expedition undertaken to the NW Coast of America,” pp. 236-259. Follows Torquemada in describ- ing the Channel islands; cf. pp. 250 & 1807 Tapis, Fr. See ENGELHARDT, Zephyrin (1912). 1811 A mission record of the California Indians, from a manuscript in the Bancroft Library, by Alfred Louis Kroeber. University of California Publications in American Ar- cheology and Ethnology, 8 (Berkeley, 1908), 1-27. Condensation in English of a Spanish document which has not been published. INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 1844 Durtot DE Morras, Eugéne. Exploration du territoire de l’Orégon, des Californies et de la Mer Vermeille. . . . Tome premier. Paris, 1844. “Le canal de Santa Barbara est formé par la céte de- puis la Pointe de la Concepcion jusqu’a celle de la Convercion et les quatre iles de Santo Tomas ou Encapa, Santa Cruz) San Miguel ou Santa Rosa et San Bernardo, qui servit de tombeau 4 Rodriguez Cabrillo. . . .” p. 363 “ Autrefois les Indiens peuplaient ces iles, mais, de- puis quelques années, ils se sont établis 4 terre pour éviter les mauvais traitments des équipages amé€ricains et autres qui allaient chasser les loutres et les veaux marins. Ce- pendent, quelques indigénes vont 4 San Clemente, ils en rapportent des morceaux de kaolin ou de sulfate de fer.” p. 364. 1851 -Frnpray, Alexander George. A directory for the navigation of the Pacific Ocean. Part I. The coasts of the Pacific Ocean. London, 1851. ‘The northern group [Santa Barbara channel islands] consists of three islands lying nearly East and West: San Miguel, the western and smallest, and also the most north- westermost of the group; Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz, the eastern and largest.” p. 326. 1853 ‘Tavtor, Alexander Smith. Discovery of California and Northwest America. The first voyage to the coasts of California; made in the years 1542 and 1543, by Juan Rodriguez Ca- brillo and his pilot Bartolome Ferrelo. San Francisco, 1853. pp. 19. : Follows the account of Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Die AND MONOGRAPHS 178 VII SAN MIGUEL TSELAN® 1857 Espinosa, Rafael. Breve relacion del viaje que hizo el capitan Sebastian Vizcayno en el afio de mil seiscientos dos, 4 reconocer la costa exterior y occidental de la California sobre el mar del Sur, y algunas noticias acerca de la Baja-California. Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadis- } tica, 5 (Mexico, 1857), 429-446. | 1869 Davipson, George. Island of San Miguel. In U. S. Coast and-Geodetic Survey. Pacific Coast Coast pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory by George Davidson. Washington, 1869. pp. 37-38. 1870 FinpLay, Alexander George. A directory for the navigation of the North Pacific ocean 2nd ed. London, 1870, pp. 169-172. 1874 BANCROFT, Hubert Howe. ‘The native races. Vol.I. New York, 1874. (Works. Vol. 1.) ““The natives call the island of Santa Cruz Liniooh, Santa Rosa Hurmal, San Miguel Twocan, and San Nicolas Ghalashat.” p. 402. ; 1875 SCHUMACHER, Paul. Some remains of a former people. Overland Monthly, 15 (San Francisco, 1875), 374-379. Ancient graves and shell-heaps of} California. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1874. Washington, 1875. pp. 335-350. San Luis Obispo Bay. INDIAN NOTES DEpLiOGcRAPHY 1877 PowE LL, John Wesley. Linguistics. In Powers, Stephen. Tribes of California. Wash- ington, 1877. (U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region. - Contributions to North American ethnology. Vol. III.) pp. 439-613. Santa Barbara family, pp. 560-567. SCHUMACHER, Paul. Researches in the kjék- kenméddings and graves of a former population of the Santa Barbara islands and the adjacent mainland. In U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Bulletin. Vol. IJ. Washington, 1877. pp. 37-56. 1878 Bowers, Stephen. Santa Rosa island. In Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith- sonian Institution for the year 1877. Washington, 1878. pp. 316-320. 1879 Putnam, Frederic. Ward. Reports upon archeological and ethnological collections from vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, In U. S. Army—Engineer Department. Report upon United States geographical surveys west of the one hun- dredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. Vol. VII. Archaeology. Washington, 1879. pp. 1-292. Appendix, pp. 293-314. See particularly: — Yarrow, Harry Crécy. Report on the operations of |a special party for making ethnological researches in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., with a short historical account of the region explored. pp. 32-46. Carr, Lucien. Observations on the crania from the Santa Barbara islands, California. pp. 277—-292.. 1883 BANCROFT, Hubert Howe. History of the North Mexican States. Vol. I. 1531-1800. San Francisco, 1883. (Works. Vol. 15.) Cabrillo, pp. 130-152. Vizcaino, pp. 153-176. AND MONOGRAPHS 180 Vil SAN MIGUEL 15 PAN Bowers, Stephen. Fish-hooks from south- ern California. Science, 1 (Cambridge, Mass., 1883), 575. 1884 Bancrort, Hubert Howe. History of Cali- fornia. Vol. I. 1542-1800. San Francisco, 1884. (Works. Vol. 18.) Cabrillo, pp. 69-81. Vizcaino, pp. 97-105. Kout, Johann Georg. History of discovery and exploration on the coasts of the United States. In U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Report of the superintendent . . . showing the progress of the work during the fiscal year ending with June, 1884. Wash- ington, 1885. pp. 495-617. “History of discovery and exploration on the Pacific Coast of the United States.” pp. 546-617. 1886 Daviwson, George. An examination of some of the early voyages of discovery and explora- tion on the northwest coast of America, from 1539 to 1603. In U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Report of the superintendent . . . showing the progress of the work during the fiscal year ending with June, 1886. Wash- }. ington, 1887. Appendix No. 7—1886. pp. 155-253. Gives, in parallel columns, accounts of the voyages of Cabrillo, Ulloa, and Vizcaino, with commentary by the author, pp. 160-241. (The column headed “Cabrillo” fol- lows the narrative by Herrera; that headed “Vizcaino” the narrative of Torquemada as given in Venegas (properly Burriel), and that of ‘‘Ferrelo” represents the “Relacion” printed by Buckingham Smith.) Also table of the land- falls of the early explorers, with the names given, and the present names and latitudes, pp. 242-247. Map 18, in the same volume, is a “‘Chart of the land- falls of Cabrillo and Ferrelo on the Pacific Coast from the Gulf of California to latitude 42°30’ by George Davidson 1886.” INDIAN NOTES BPEBpLiIOoOGgRAPHY On San Miguel Island, see pp. 204, 206, 226,236. The various names recorded by Davidson are: ‘‘La Isla de la Posesion, Cabrillo. La Isla de Posesion, Ferrelo. Una de las Islas de San Lucas, Ferrelo. La Isla de Baxos, Viz- caino’s chart. Ciquimuymu, Indian, Ferrelo. San Mi- guel Island; . . . Ferrelo named the island La Isla de Juan Rodriguez after Cabrillo’s death. El Puerto de la Posesion, Cabrillo, Ferrelo. Cuyler’s Harbor.” p. 206. Winsor, Justin. Discoveries on the Pacific coast of North America. In his Narrative and critical history of America. Vol. II. Boston, 1886. pp. 431-472. 1887 HENSHAW, Henry Wetherbee. Perforated stones from California. Bulletin 2, Bureau of Ethnology. Washington. 1887. 1889 Davinson, George. Island of San Miguel. In U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Pacific Coast. Coast pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington, by George Davidson. 4thed. Washington, 1889. pp. 93-98. “The island of San Miguel was discovered by Cabrillo in 1542, and Cuylers Harbor is the bay in which he win- tered. He named the island La Isla de la Posesion and the harbor La Puerto de la Posesion because he went through the ceremony of taking possession of the country. He died here January 5, 1543, having directed Bartolomé Ferrelo, his pilot, to assume the command of the expedition and continue the exploration as far north as possible. Ferrelo afterwards named the island in whose harbor his commander had wintered, Juan Rodriguez. The Indian name was Liquimuymu, and there were three villages upon it. “Tn 1602 Vizcaino named it San Bernardo, and this des- ignation is retained in the Carta General of 1791 preserved in the archives at Madrid, of which we have the tracing of a copy certified by Navarrete. On his chart it is called Isla de baxos. “In 1774 Don Juan Perez, commanding the frigate San- tiago, named it Santa Rosa. On later Spanish charts it was sometimes called San Miguel and Santa Barbara. ‘The present name is that adopted by Vancouver in 1793.” p. 98. AND MONOGRAPHS 181 a: 182 SAN MIGUEL ISEAND 1891 PoweELL, John Wesley. Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. In Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology 1885-86. Washington, 1891. pp. 7-142. Chumashan family, pp. 67-68. 1894 CHAzARI, Esteban. El archipiélago situado frente 4 la costa de la Aita California ges Mexi- -cano? Boletin de la Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica de la Republica Mexicana, cuarta época, III (Mexico, 1894), 149-167. Dictamen de la Comision respectiva acerca de los derechos de Mexico sobre el archipiélago del norte situado frente a las costas de la Alta Cali- fornia. Same, pp. 168-206. 2 maps (1782, 1882). 1896 Earte, Homer P. The Santa Barbara islands. ; Land of Sunshine, 5 (Los Angeles, 1896), 227-230. Yates, Lorenzo Gordin. The deserted homes of a lost people. The Santa Barbara channel islands. Overland Monthly, 2d series,-27 (San Francisco, 1896), 538-544. 1897 FERNANDEZ Duro, Ceséreo. En California, 1600-1606. In his Armada espafiola desde la unién de los reino de Castilla y de Aragén. Tomo III. Madrid, 1897. pp. 297-308. INDIAN NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 1901 Lowery, Woodbury. The Spanish settle- ments within the present limits of the United States, 1513-1561. New York, 1901. Cabrillo’s voyage, pp. 340-350. 1907 Archeological collections from San Miguel island, California. American Berane n.s., 9 (Lancaster, Pa., 1907), 656-657, pl. 31-33 DAVIDSON, ania The discovery of San Francisco bay. The rediscovery of the port of Monterey; the establishment of the presidio, and the founding of the mission of San Fran- cisco. San Francisco, 1907. Transactions and proceedings of ae Cen Society of the Pacific. Vol. IV. Ser. II Naming of Santa Cruz island, p. 69. Hopce, Frederick Webb, ed. Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Part I. Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: Chumashan family, pp. 296-297. 1908 KRoEBER, Alfred Louis. See A Mission Record (1811). 1910 Ho.wper, Charles Frederick. The channel islands of California. . . . Chicago, 1910. Chap. 11, The discoveries of Cabrillo and Vizcaino. cab III, The log of Cabrillo. Chap. 1v, The ancient islanders. AND MON OG RAP ES 183 + 184 Vil SANOMITGUEL ISLAND 1911 RicHMAN, Irving Berdine. California under Spain and Mexico, 1535-1847. . . . Boston, 1911. See pp. 6-7, 82, 139. 1912 ENGELHARDT, Zephyrin. The missions and missionaries of California. Vol. II. Upper California. Part JI. General History. San Francisco, Cal., 1912. “‘Tn his report of March 13th, 1807, however, Fr. Tapis writes ‘that, as more than two hundred of the gentiles on the two islands have died of the measles, correspondingly fewer people exist there now. . Z . 620. The islands referred to are: Limti or Santa Cruz, and Huima or Santa Rosa. 1913 Warvie, H. Newell. Stone implements of surgery (?) from San Miguel island, California. American Anthropologist, nu. s., 15 (Lancaster, Pa., 1913), 656-660, pl. 38. 1921 OETTEKING, Bruno. Morphological and metrical variation in skulls from San Miguel island, California. JI.—The sutura nasofron- talis. i asa Notes and Monographs, vol. vil, no. 2, New ork. INDIAN NOTES pee IND EX Acapulco, Mexico, mention of, in early ac- counts, 167, 171 Acteon shells as beads, 155 Adzes, Eskimo, 78 American Geographical Society of New York, acknowledgment to, 16 American Museum of "Natural History, acknowl- edgment to, 16 Amethyst, beads of, 65 Anajup, Indian name for Santa Cruz island, 26, 174 Annular ornaments, of clam-shell, 138-139, 143; of haliotis shell, 126-128, 132-133 Anthony, H. B., acknowledgment to, 16 Anthropology, see Physical anthropology Aniler, worked, 94 Antonio de la Ascensién, Fray, Relacion breve of, 167-169 Aprons, woven grass, 38, 159 Archives at Madrid, Carta General in, 25, 181. See Archivo de Indias Archivo de Indias, published accounts of Chan- nel islands from, 168, 169 . Arrowpoints, bone, 88-89; stone, 115-116 Arrowshaft, attaching of arrows to, 89 Asphalium, grave lined with, 39; mortar coated with, 46; skulls covered with, 39-40; stir- INDIAN NOTES 185 186 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND rers for, 47, 86,-87; used as: base for inlays, 28, 39, 45, 54, 55, 65-66, 89, 93, 99-103, 115, 120, 124-125, 129, 133, 144-146, 157, 158; base for settings, 58, 96-97; cement, 49-51, 55-56, 59-62, 66-68, 79, 82-84, 89-90, 92, 95, 98-100, 102, 108, 114, 135, 158; plugs, 98-100, 118-119; vessels repaired with, 44, 119; Wescott shoal source of, 20, 163 Awls, bone, 91-92; various uses of, 163; whale-| bone, 78-79 Bancroft, H. H., Works of, cited, 26, 178, 179 Barbed blades, 67-68. See Fishhooks Bark-shredder of Vancouver island, 78 Barrel-shape beads, 61, 62, 65, 106-107, 154, 159 Barter, deer-bones obtained by, 86, 163; steatite obtained by, 45, 162; stone artifacts obtained by, 41-42; stone beads obtained by, 64-65. See Currency Basaltic stone, pestles of, 46-47 Basketry, hats, 39, 158; receptacles, 30-31 Baxos island, see Isla de Baxos Beads, bone, 106-108; coral, 30; fish-bone, 33, 111-113, 176; haliotis pearls as, 120-121; number exhumed, 38; shell, 38-39, 121-124, 146-155; stone, 38, 61-65. See Disc-beads, Discs Bipointed bone implements used as fishhooks, 83 Bird-bone, awls, 91; beads, 106-108; hair-pin, 97; implements, 74; shaft of rattle, 114- 115; tubes, 102; whistles and flutes, 98-100 Birds, as food, 48, 163; blunt arrows for killing, 88-89; ornaments from claws of, 89-91 Bird-spear of Eskimo, 82 Blades, bone, for chipping, 82-83; chipped, 42; chipped chalcedony, 66-69; chipped INDIAN NOTES INDEX obsidian, 69-72; whale-bone, 78-79. See Kntfe Blanks for: shell beads, 149; shell hooks, 135- 136; shell pendants, 123-124, 137; stone discs, 63-64 Boards marking graves, 28, 31-32. See Grave- markers, Poles Bodkins, deer-bone, 86 Bolivia, wands of, 94. Bolton, H. E., Original Narratives. . . edited by, 21-24, 29-33, 166-169 Bone artifacts exhumed: 36-37, 41, 74-116; arrowpoints, 88-89; awls, 91-92, 163; beads, 106-108; box, 102-103; fishhooks, 81, 83-86, 161-162; hair-pins, 30, 60, 68, 91-92, 94-98, 117, 138, 143-144, 161, 163-164; handle, 78; inlays, 31; mouthpiece, 61; needles, 92-93; ornaments, 55; pendants, 89-91, 108-110; tools, 81-83; tubes, 39, 100-105; wand, 39, 93-94. See Bird-bone, Bones, Bonework, Whale-bone Bones, animal, identification of, 16; human, implements of, 74; in kitchen-middens, 35. See Bone, Human bone, Skeletons, Skulls ee excellence of, 163-164; grinding in, 8 | Bowers, Stephen, excavations by, 35; Fish-hooks | from Southern California by, 83-84, 134, 179; Santa Rosa Island by, 141-142, 179 Bowls, wooden, 31, 40. See Vessels Box, tubular bone, 102-103 Brown pelican, flute from bone of, 100 Bureau of American Ethnology, acknowledg- ment to, 29; Bulletins and Reports of, ac- counts of Channel islands in, 180, 181, 183 AND MONOGRAPHS 187 = 188 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Burial among Chumash, 28, 31-32, 36-41, 74, 93-94; burials: exhumed, 34-36, 160; of children, 38, 117, 160; whale-bones used to mark, 74-76. See Graves, Mortuary deposits Burney, James, Chronological History. . . by, 33; 1d35 1525 175-176 Burriel, Andres Marcos, account of Venegas reprinted by, 171, 180 Cabo de la Galera, distance of San Miguel from, 33, 166, 170, 175. See Point Conception Cato de say Lucas, early accounts mention- ing, 168 Cabo Mendocino, mention of, in ey voyages, 167-169, 171 Cabrillo, Fi uan Rodriguez, death of, 26; Rela- cion of, 20-24, 28, 33, 165-167; voyage of, ATS, 177, 179, 180, 183 Caciques, wands of, 94. See Chiefs Cactus on San Miguel, 17 California tribes, earliest account of, 174-175; scarifiersamong, 72. See Chumash, ay slanders, Mainland tribes Calliostoma sulcatum, beads of, 154 Canal de Santa Barbara, see Sanita Barbara channel Canoes of Channel islanders, 21, 28, 32-33, 164, 168-169, 172 Capes, otter-skin, 30 Cardenas, Francisco de, Coleccion by, see Colec- cion de documentos inéditos Cardwell point, San Miguel island, 19; village- site near, 28-29 Carr, Lucien, Observations on the Crania from the Santa Barbara Islands by, 179 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Carrasco y Guisasola, Francisco, Documentos ...en el Archivo de Indias edited by, 20, 168-169 Carta General of 1791, San Miguel on, 25, 181 Carving, see Decoration Cemeteries, excavation of, 34-41. See Burial Ceremonial scarifying, 72 Chalcedony, atrowpoints, 115-116; chipped objects of, 66-69 Channel islands, accounts of, 17, 20-21, 27-33, 83, 175-179, 182, 183; barter with, 41-42, 45, 162-163; bibliography relating to, 165- 184. See Islanders, Santa Barbara channel Charms, shell hooks as, 162 Charis, Spanish, San Miguel on, 25, 26, 181 Chézari, E., accounts of Channel islands, 181 Chessboard, facial painting like, 33, 176 Gigs, purial ot, 28, 31-32, 37, 39-45, 93-98 Children, burial of, 38-39, 117, 160 Chipped stonework, 42, 51-52, 66-72, 115-116; | tools for, 82-83. See Flaked Chisel-like bone tools, 80-81 Chumash, bone implements of, 116; ignorance concerning, 160-161; obsidian worked by, 71; rock-oyster shell beads of, 152; San Miguel islanders belonging to, 27-29, 181, 182; sun-worship among, 141-142, 144-146, 156. See Burial, Clothing Chumashan family, see Chumash Ciquimuymu, Indian name for San Miguel island, 22-24, 28, 166-167, 180, 181 Circular, clam-shell pendants, 138; perforated stones, 53; shell beads, 152; stone imple- ments, 67. See Annular ornaments, Disc-beads, Discs AND MONOGRAPHS 189 4 190 SAN MIGUEL 15 Aes Cee eagle-ray feeding on, 110. See Clam- shell Clam-shell artifacts: 137-143; beads, 148-149; hair-ornaments set with, 161; ornaments, 109; pendant, 146 Clay, islanders’ ignorance of, 30-31 Clemmys marmorata, see Turtleshell Cloaks, otter-skin, 30 Clothing of islanders, 23, 30, 33, 92, 117, 158- 162, 167, 176; exhumed, 38-39, 158-159 Clubs, whale-bone, 80. See Sword Coleccion de documentos inédiios. .. cion breve in, 167-168 Coleccion de documentos para Florida. . . , Relacion breve in, 165 Columbia river, arrowpoints of, 66 Columelle, beads and pendants made from, 146-148 Communal housing, 23, 30 Conceniric circles design, 143 Concretions, ornaments made from, 42, 59 Conical stone vessel, 44 Conversion, see Punta de la Conversion Cooking vessels of stone, 42—44 Coral, beads, 30; inlays, 31 Cord, attached by asphaltum, 49-50, 55-56, 59-60, 82-83, 89, 92, 95, 98-100, 108, 135; grooves for attaching, 135, 137-138; knots for attaching, 51 Costans6, Miguel, Diario historico of, 21, 40, 89, 117, 173-174 Coycoy, pueblo on Santa Rosa island, 23, 167 Cremation among California tribes, 28 Crespi, Fray Juan, Copia del Diario. . . of, cee ‘INDIAN NOTES INDEX Crook point, San Miguel island, 19 Cross design, 66 Cross-line design, 111, 122, 125-128, 141, 148 Crystals, ornaments of, 59-60, 161; settings of, 58, 94, 96 Culture of San Miguel, see Chumash, Islanders Cup, steatite, 4445 Currency, beads used as, 33, 113, 152, 176. See Barter Curved bone, fishhook barbs, 83-86; implements, 81-82; needles, 92-93 Customs, mortuary, see Burial Cuyler harbor, San Miguel island, Cabrillo at, 26, 33, 166, 181; description of, 18-19; first called El Puerto de la Posesion, 22, 24—25, 180; grave-yards near, 36; village-sites near, 28-29 Cylindrical, shell beads, 146-149, 152-153; stone beads, 61; stone pendants, 55-57; stone sinkers, 49; whale-bone artifacts, 78-79 Dail, William H., excavations by, 35-36 Davidson, George, Discovery of San Francisco Bay by, 182; Examination of Some of the Early Voyagers by, 167, 180; Island of San Miguel by, 21, 24-25, 28-29, 178, 181 Dead, see Burial, Mortuary deposits Decoration, incised, 49-50, 55, 95-96, 104-105, -109, 122-128, 132-133, 141-143; 148-149; incised, tools for, 111, 122-123; painted, of stone knife-blade, 66. See Design, Inlays, Painting Deer, extraneous origin of, 86, 163; sinews, thongs of, 32. See Antler AND MONOGRAPHS 192 SAN MIGUEL 1s LAnN® Deer-bone, awls, 91; beads, 106; hairpins, 94-96, 163-164; implements, 74, 81-82; pendant, 109; tubes, 101-105; wand, 39, 93-94; whistles, 98. See Antler Deerskins, wearing of, 30, 117 Dentalium shell, beads, 149; pendants, 154 Dental plates of eagle-ray, implements from, 110-111, 122-123 Design, chessboard, 33, 178; concentric circles, 143; cross, 66; cross-line, 122-123, 125-128, 141, 148; dots, 95, 104-105, 109, 141-143; lines, 50, 95, 124, 128; ray-like lines, 55, 141-142, 144-146, 148) 156;star-shape,142-143; triangles, 143; zigzag, 109. See Decoration Disc-beads, shell: grinders for, 73; incised decoration of, 148-149; inlay of, 39, 54-55, 93, 103, 115, 144, 157; stone, 63. See Discs Discs, shell, for inlays, 56, 63-64, 99, 102-103, 120, 124-125, 143-146, 151-152, 157-158. See Disc-beads Dish-form of stone vessels, 45 Documentos para la historia de’ Mexico... accounts of Channel islands in, 170, 174 Dome-shape houses, 28-30 Doran, E. L., excavations, by 35 Dot design, 95, 104-105, 109, 141-143 Dreyfus, Louis G., excavations by, 35 Drilled, shell beads, 121-122, 152-154; stone ornaments, 57-58 Drills, chalcedony, 69; for shelve, 127 Duflot de Mofras, Eugene, Explorations. eo, 21, 176-177 Dunes, see Surface Eagle-claws, necklaces of, 89-91 . INDIAN NOTES ras aes ee INDEX Eagle-ray, dental plates of, as implements, 110-111, 122-123 Earle, H. P., Santa Barbara Islands by, 182 Ears, shell hook ornaments for, 134; stone pendants for, 59 Elephant seal, artifact from tooth of, 89; handle from radius of, 78-80 Encapa, see Santo Tomés Engelhardt, Z., Missions and Missionaries of California by, 183 eae bird-spears of, 82; bone implements of, Espinosa, Rafael, Breve Relacion. . . by, 177 Estocoloco, pueblo on Santa Rosa island, 23, 167 Evans, Richard Stuart, translation by, of Fer- relo’s account, 165 | Excavations, prior, on San Miguel, 15, 34-37, 178, 182, 183 Exchange, see Barter, Currency Facial painting, 30, 33, 176 Fages, Pedro, Voyage en Californie by, 174-175 Farallon de Lobos, mention of, 172 Feathers, hair adorned with, 30 Ferndéndez de Navarrete, Martin, chart certified by, 25, 181; Relacion by, 175, 177 Ferndéndez Duro, Ceséreo, En California by, 182 Ferrelo, Bartolome, accounts by, of Cabrillo, 165, 180; Cabrillo’s pilot, 22, 24-25, 166, 1 Wet rea loG Fetishes, see Charms Findlay, A. G., Directory for Navigation... by, 21, 177-178 Fireplace of islanders, 30 * AND MONOGRAPHS 194 Vil SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Fish, haliotis-shell ornament resembling, 132; whale-bone club for killing, 80. See Fish- bone, Fishhooks, Fishing Fish-bone, artifacts, 74, 110-113; beads, 33, 111-113, 176; identification of, 16 Fishhooks, oe 81, 83-86; Ree on, 179; shell, 133- (Gi 161- 162, 179; stone, 71 ieee canoes for, 32-33, 168-169; impor- tance of, 23, 27, 33, 48-49, 110, 167, 170, 175-176. See Fishhooks Flaked, and perforated stone, 53-54; ornament, 60. See Chipped stonework Flakes, chalcedony, 69; stone, 122 Flaking tools, bone, 82-83 Flexed burials, 38-39 Flint chips in kitchen-middens, 35 Florida, painted chipped implement found in, 66-67 Flutes, bone, 99-100 Food, of Chumash, 23, 27, 167, 175-176; uten- sils for, 30. See Fishing Ford, James B., pipe presented by, 61 Foreshafts for spears, whale-bone, 79 Funerals, see Burial Fur clothing, 160. See Deerskins, Otter-skin Ghalashat, Indian name for San Nicolas island, 26,178. See San Nicolas island Glass beads, scarcity of, 38, 159 Glidden, Ralph, assistance by, 15; on fishing with shell hooks, 136-137 Globular, shell beads, 149; stone beads, 62- 63; vessels, 42, 44, 45 Gonzalez Cabrera Bueno, Ioseph, Navegacion . of, 21, 171-172 INDIAN NOTES opie INDEX Grass, growth of, 17, 20; houses of, 28; woven, 38, 81, 159. See Reed Grave-markers, whale-bone, 74-76; wooden, 28, 31-32, 40 Graves, asphaltum lining, 39; isolated, 34; mor- tar placed over, 31; of chiefs, 28, 31-32, 37, 39-41, 93-94; whale-bones lining, 36-38, 75-76. See Burial, Grave-markers, Mor- tuary deposits Grave-slabs, whale-bones as, 36-38, 75-76 Grinding, of bone, 78, 98; of seeds, 31; of shell ‘beads, 73, 121; of shell ornaments, 124, 129 Griity stone, bone whistle finished with, 98 Grooved, bone beads, 108; bone pin, 92; bone tube, 104; haliotis pearl, 121; shell hooks, 135; shell ornament, 131-132; shell pendants, 120, 137-138, 140-143; stone artifacts: 45; arrowpoints, 89; beads, 62; ornaments, 598; pendants, 55-56; sinkers, 49, 51; sword, 65-66 Gulf of California, Davidson’s chart of, 180 Hafting, asphaltum used in, 66-68, 79-80, 82; of arrows, 89. See Handle Hatr-ornamenis, bone, 91-92; chalcedony, 68; early accounts of, 30, 161; shell, 96, 98, 117, 138, 143-144, 158, 161; turtleshell, 114 Hair-pins, bone, 60, 68, 91-92, 94-98, 117, 138, 143-144, 158, 161, 163-164; early accounts of, 30. See Pins Haliotis californiensis, see Haliotis shell Haliotis shell, beads, 121-123; box bottom, 102; containers, 119; cross-line decoration of, 111, 122-123, 141, 148; discs, 124-125; hair-ornaments set with, 161; hooks, 133- AND MONOGRAPHS 195 + 196 VII SAN MIGUEL 1S LAR 137; inlay, 89, 99, 103, 157-158; ornaments, 172 120, 123- 124, 126-133; - pendants, 121- 123, 128: scoops, 117-118. See Pearls eee absence of, 47 Handle, pales 94; bone, 80; Handles: inlaid, 1583 of knives, 66-68; of shell pendants, 132: of tools, 78-79, 82-83 H arford, W.G. W., excavations of, 34 Harrington, John P on Chumash of Channel islands, 29 Harris point, San Miguel island, 19 Hats, basketry, 39, 158 Heating asphalium, vessels for, 46 Hematite, haliotis-shell containers for, 118- 119; in mortar, 46; keyhole limpet shell orna- ments painted with, 156; knife-blade painted with, 66; ornament imbedded in, 145; placed in graves, 40—41; stirrers for, 47 Hemert-Engert, Adolph van, Narrative of the Portola Expedition edited by, 173 Hemispherical cup, 44-45 Henshaw, H.-W., introduction by, of Ferrelo’s account, 165-166; Perforated Stones from California by, 52, 180 Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, Historia eeneral > 5 Est Le ot, oa 173-178; "180 Heye, Mrs Thea, acknowledgment to, 15 Hodge, F. W., Handbook of American Indians edited by, 183 Holder, C. F., Channel island of California. . . by, 167, 183 Hooks, haliotis shell, 133-137; obsidian, 71; shell, 161-162 Hospitality, of Chumash, 27; of islanders, 30 Housing of Channel islanders, 23, 28-30 INDIAN NOTES 7 ener ae INDEX Huima, see Hurmal Human bone, hair-pins, 97-98, 163-164; imple- ments, 74; bones, scattered, 34, 37-38 Hurmal, name for Santa Rosa island, 26, 178 Implements, see Surgical instruments, Tools Incised, see Decoration Indians of California, earliest account of, 174- 175; of Puget sound, 78. See Chumash, Islanders, Mainland tribes Inlays, clam-shell, 137; coral and bone, 31; keyhole limpet shell, 157; metal, 94; perfora-| tion of, 63-64; shell, 28, 39, 45, 54-56, 65-66, 89, 93, 99-103, 115, 117, 120, 124-125, 129, 133, 144-145, 158. See Disc-beads, Discs Instruments, surgical, 71-72 Isla de Baxos, Navarrete’s name for San . Miguel island, 24-25, 180, 181 Isla de Juan Rodriguez, Ferrelo’s name for San Miguel island, 22-24, 166-167, 180, 184 Isla de.la Posesion, early name of San Miguel island, 22-25, 166, 170, 175, 176, 180, 181 Islas de los Ladrones, boats of, 172 Island of Juan Rodriguez, see Isla de Juan Rodriguez Islanders of Channel Islands, culture of, 21- 24, 27-34, 83, 88-89, 167, 169-170, 175-176. See Bibliography and Chumash Islands of San Lucas, see San Lucas Jacot, Arthur P., acknowledgment to, 16 Jar-form, of reed vessels, 31; of stone vessels, 42-43. See Vessels Johnson, Frederick, assistance by, 15 Jornada de Sebastian Vizcaino, see Vizcaino, Sebastian AND MONOGRAPHS 197 4 198 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Karok Indians, gambling game of, 112 Keyhole limpet shell, beads of, 54; ornaments of, 155-157 Kilts, see Aprons Kiichen-middens on San Miguel, 35-37, 178 Knife, woman’s, 78; knives, stone, 37. See Blades Knobbed pestles, 48 Kohl, J. G., History of Discovery . . . on the Coasts of the U. S., by, 21, 179-180 ae AN Mission Record translated by, 176 Ladrone Islands, see Islas de los Ladrones Levicardium elatum, pendants of, 144, 146 La Purisima mission, Chumash of San Miguel settled at, 29 Lavender rock-oyster shell, 152 LInlibeque, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Limestone, bead, 63; mortar, 46; pipe, 61 Limu, Indian name for Santa Cruz island, 22, 166, 183 Lines ‘design, 50, 95, 122-123, 124-128; rayed, 55, 141-142, 144-146, 148, 156 Liniooh, Indian name for Santa Cruz island, 26, 178 Liquimuymu, Indian name for San Miguel island, 25. See Ciquimuymu Lotolic, Indian name for Santa Rosa island, 26, 174 Lowery, Woodbury, The Spanish Settlements within’)... the US. 2 ey. ehae Lucapina crenulata, see Keyhole limpet shell Mackerel, beads from vertebre of, 112-113 INDIAN NOTES eae: co Seo. oF =s-. see INDEX Mainland tribes, barter with, 41-42, 113, 152, 154; basketry hats of, 39; burial among, 36; clay vessels of, 30-31; cremation among, 28; food of, 27; means of communication with, 164 Mats, platting of, 81 Matting, skeletons wrapped with, 37 Medicine-man, see Chiefs Mending of receptacles, by means of perfora- tion, 144-145; with asphaltum, 44, 119 Mendoga, Antonio de, account of voyage of, 107 Metal inlay, 94 Mexico, serpentine beads of, 64-65 Mirounga angustirosiris, see Elephant seal Missions, distribution of Indians in, 29, 33-34 Mitote, singing as in a, 33, 169 Mitra shell, pendant of, 154 Monterey, early mention of, 168, 171, 173, 182 Moore, Clarence B., painted chipped implement found by, 66-67 Mortar, for grinding seeds, 31; for paint, 45; found by Schumacher, 36; stone, 44-46; whale-bone, 76-78 Mortuary customs, see Burial Mortuary deposits: 36-41; bone pins, 95-97, 161; bone tubes, 39, 101; bone wand, 39, 93-94; crystals, 60; eagle-claw necklace, 91; fishbone artifacts, 110, 112-113; glass beads, 38, 159; hung over graves, 28, 31-32; mortars, 31; of chiefs’ graves, 37, 39-41; shell artifacts, 117, 125, 160; shells, 117— 118, 156 Mouth, constricted, of vessels, 31, 43 Mouthpieces, bone, for pipes, 61, 102 Mud-turile, see Turtleshell AND MONOGRAPHS 200 VIl SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Muoc, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Mussels, eagle-ray feeding on, 110 Musselshell, blanks, 149; hooks, 133-137; necklaces, 125 Myliobatis californicus, see Eagle-ray Names, of Channel islands, 22—23, 25-26, 174; of San Miguel, 21-24, 174, 180 Navarrele, see Fernéndez de Navarrete, Martin Necklace, of bone tubes, 101; of eagle-claws, 91; of fish-bone beads, 112-113; of haliotis- shell discs, 125; necklaces, method of attach- ing ornaments to, 59-60, 62, 117 Needles, bone, 92—93 New M €X1C0, early mention of, 170 Nicalque, Indian name for Santa Rosa island, 22, 166 Nichochi, pueblo on Santa Rosa island, 23, 166-167 Nichols, John T., acknowledgment to, 16 Nimollollo, pueblo on San Miguel island, 23, 28, 166 Nimoyoyo, see Nimollollo Ninumu, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Niquesesquelua, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 N oiched, see Serrated Obsidian, chipped objects of, 66-72 Odocoileus hemionus californicus, see Deer Oetieking, Bruno, Morphological and Metrical Variation in Skulls from San Miguel Island by, 115, 184 Oil well on Wescott shoal, 20 Oliva biplacata, see Oliva shell INDIAN NOTES INDEX |Oliva shell, beads, 149-152; entire, as beads, 154-155; inlays, 55 Olivella shell, beads, 39, 54, 149-152; discs, 124— 125; entire, as beads, 154-155: inlay, 55, 93, 103, 115; 144-146, 157, 158 Orieniation of burials, 36-39 Ornaments, antler, 94. arrangement in graves, 38; bone, 74; ‘found by “Schumacher, 36; natural concretions as, 42, 59; shell, 28 38, 117, 120, 123-124, shell hooks "as; ices 187 162: shell, perforated, 130-133; stone, 55-60. See Annular ornaments, Hair-orna- ments, Hair-pins, Inlays, Pendants Osteothytosis caused by arrowpoints, 116 Ostrea lurida, see Rock- -oyster Otter-skin clothing, 30; 117 Oval, shell beads, 152; ‘shell inlays, 157 Oysters, eagle-ray feeding on, 110. See Rock- oyster, Spiny oyster Pacheco, Joaquin, see Coleccion de documentos inéditos Paddles, early accounts of, 164 Padres, distribution of Indians by, 29, 33 Paez, Tuan, account by, of Cabrillo, 165 Paint, white, keyhole limpet shell ornaments decorated with, 156. See Hematite Paint-cups, stone, 42, 44-46 Painting, of body, 30, 33, 176; of canoes, 32; of chipped implement, 66-67; of grave- markers, 28, 32. See Hematite. Palacios, Gerénimo M artin, Explication . . . de Costa . . by, 21, 168- 170 Palou, Fray Francisco, Noticias de la Nueva California by, 174 AND MONOGRAPHS 202 Vil SAN MIGUEL 1SLAmo Patiquilid, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167] Patiquiu, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Patterns in basketry, 30 ~ Pearls of the haliotis, ornaments of, 120-121 Pebble, mortar made of, 45-46; pebbles, as pendants, 56; as sinkers, 50-51; hot, seeds roasted with, 31; paint-cups fashioned from, 42; placed in rattles, 114 Pecked stone vessels, 43-44, 46 Pecking implements, pestles as, 47 Pelican, see Brown felican Pendants, bone, 89-90, 108-110; chipped chal: cedony, 68; clam-shell, 137-143: crystals as, 60; entire shells as, 154-155; haliotis pearls as, 120-121; haliotis shell, 117, 120-124; keyhole limpet shells as, 157; shell, 144, 146; stone, 55-58, 64; stone hooks as, 71 Perez, Don Juan, San Miguel called Santa Rosa by, 25, 181 Perforated, claws, 89-91; inlays, 93, 124-125, 129-130, 152; needles, 93; planks, 32; stones, problematical uses of, 52-54, 59, 162-163; teeth, 89; tubular box, 102-103; vessels, 144-145. See Inlays, Pendants Pestles, 45-47; used as hammers, 47—48 Physical anthropology, Department of, skele- tons examined by, 115 Picks, Eskimo, 78 Pilidquay, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Pilot, Cabrillo’s, see Ferrelo, Bartolome Pine, uses of, 32 Pink beads from spiny oyster shells, 149 Pins, bone, 60, 89, 91-92. See Hair-pins Pipes, stone, 60-61, 102 Pisqueno, pueblo, on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 INDIAN NOLES INDEX Pitch, seams of canoe calked with, 32; vessels coated with, 31 Pitted hammerstones, 47-48 Planks, see Boards Platting of mats, 81 Plugs, asphaltum, in haliotis shells, 118; in whistles, 98-100 Poele, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23, 167 Point Bennet, San Miguel island, 19-20; village-site at, 28-29 Point Geaeon called by Cabrillo Cabo de la Galera, 21, 166, 170; early mention of, oot 175, 176 Poles, graves marked with, 28, 31-32, 40 Polish, on perforated stone, 53: on wood, ou Portola expedition, accounts of, 21-24, 32; _ 166-169, 173-174 Pot-hunters, excavations of, 35-36 Powell, J. W., definition of Chumashan by, 29; Indian Linguistic oe of America by, 181; Linguistics . . . by, 178 ee Stephen, Tribes of oe MG 178 Pualnacatup, pueblo on Santa Cruz island, 23; 167 Pai see Village-sites Puerto de la Posesion, see Cuyler harbor Puget sound, bone implements of, 78 Punch, see Bodkins Punta de la Conversion, mention of, 172, 176 | Purple rock-oyster shell, 152 Putnam, F. W.., Reports upon. . . Collections from. . . Santa Barbara by, 52, 158, 179 Rasps, dental plates of eagle-ray as, 110-111 AND MONOGRAPHS 204 SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Ray-like lines, 55, 141-142, 144-146, 148, 156 Reamers, stone, 51-52, 68-69; whale-bone, 81 Rectangular shell beads, 152 Red paint, see H ematite Reed, baskets and vessels of, 30; reeds, houses covered with, 29-30. See Grass, Rushes Rejects not found on San Miguel, 41, 162 Reveley, William, translation by, of Costansé’s Diario, 173 . Ribs, hair-pins made from, 94, 97; implements made from, 81-82 Richman, I. B., California under Spain and Mexico by, 183 Rims, shell, beads made from, 121—123; incised decoration on, 111, 122-123, 124-128, 141, 148-149; scalloped, 131; stone, inlaid, 55. See Serrated Rincon, shell hooks found at, 134 Ring-like, see Annular ornaments Rings, shell, 91-92; stone, 54-55 Roasting of seeds, 31 Rock-oyster, hair- ornaments set with, 161; pendant, 142; shell beads, 152-154: ‘shell discs, 143-146 Rocks in kitchen-middens, 35. See Stones Rose, R. S., Diary of Vicente Vila edited by, 174 Rubbing-stones, pestles as, 46 Rushes, vessels of, 31. See Reed Rust, H. N., shell hooks in collection of, 134- SS loo San Bernardo, early name for San Miguel island, 24-26, 174, 175, 175 18) San Clemente island, ‘early mention ob, 172; Lite turtleshell rattle from, 114-115 Sand, see Surface VIL INDIAN NOTES. INDEX San Diego, clay vessels of, 31; early mention of, £(t,173;, 174 San. ndstone, beads, 62-63; grinders, 73; of San iguel, 41; perforated artifacts of, S2s038 ring, 55; vessel, 42-44. San Francisco bay, discovery of, 182 San Lucas, San Miguel one of islands of, 22, 24, 166, 180 San Tis ‘Obispo bay, early mention of, 178 San Luis Rey, Costansé sights San Miguel from, 25, 173 San Miguel island, bibliography relating to, 165-184; discovery of, 20-22, 166, 168, 180, 181; early name for Santa Rosa island, 26: early names of, 21-26, 169, 172, 174, 175, £775 V8; excavations one To ts2 133: See Santa Rosa island San Nicolas island; early mention of, 169; Ghalashat Indian name for, 26, 178; Indians left on, 33-34 . San Salvador, early name for Santa Cruz is- land, 23-24. See Santa Cruz island Santa Barbara, mention of, 17, 179; shell hooks found near, 134 Santa Barbara channel, accounts of, 20-34, 168, 172-176; bibliography relating to, 165- 184. See Channel islands Sania Barbara county, 17, 134 Santa Barbara Indians, fishhooks of, 83 Santa Barbara island, early mention of, 169, 172; early name for San Miguel island, 25, ae early name for Santa Cruz island, 25, Santa Catalina island, bone arrowpoint from, 88; early mention of, 168, 169, 172 AND MONOGRAPHS 206 SAN MIGUEL 1SLANS Santa Cruz island, Chumash inhabiting, 27; early mention of, 175, 177, 183; early name for Santa Rosa island, 25-27; Indian names for, 26, 174, 178; San Salvador early name for, 23-24, 167 Santa Rosa island, Chumash inhabiting, 27; discovery of, 22, 166; early mention of, 177; Indian namg for, 178, 183; Perez’s name for San Miguel, 25, 181; San Miguel early name of, 26, 175; ‘Santa Cruz early name of, 25-26 Santiago, Reren’ s frigate so named, 2d ye LOL Santo Tomas, San Miguel one of islands of, 176 Scalloped edge of haliotis shell, 131. See Serrated Scarifiers common to California anes 72 Schumacher, Paul, accounts of Channel is- lands by, 178; excavations by, 35-37, 160; on topography of San Miguel island, 18-19; on whale-bone slabs, 74 Scombride (Germo alalunga), see Mackerel Scrapers, chalcedony, 67, 69 Sea-grass, kilts of, 38; platting of, 81. See Grass Sea-lions, abundance of, 163; awls from bones of, 91; beads from bones of, 106; implements from bones of, 74, 81-82; teeth of, as orna- ments, 89 Seals, used as food, 48; whale-bone club for killing, 80 Seeds, baskets for holding, 30; meal made of, 31 Serpentine beads, 64 Serrated, blades, 67-68; bone hair-pins, 96-97; clam-shell pendants, 141; haliotis ornaments, INDIAN NOTES 129; keyhole limpet shells, 157; pendants, 128; shell disc, 125. See Rims Sheep, raising of, on San Miguel, 19-20 Shell artifacts exhumed: 36-38, 41, 117-158, 160; beads, 38-39, 54-55, 93, 103, 115, 146- 155, 158; hair-ornaments, 96, 98, 117, 138, 143-144, 158, 163-164; hooks, 133-137, 161- 162; inlays, 28, 45, 54-56, 65-66, 99-103, 120, 124-125, 129, 133, 144-145, 152, 158; pendants, 117, 120-124, 137-144, 146, 154— 155, 157; rings, 91-92. See Clam-shell, Haliotis shell, Keyhole limpet shells, Oliva _ shell, Olivella shell, Turtleshell | Shells, as beads, 154-155; identification of, 16; in kitchen-middens, 35; mortuary deposits of, 117-118, 156. See names of various} species Shellwork, excellence of, 28, 152-154, 163-164; tools for, 67, 69, 73, 111, 122-123 Shoshonean family, southern Channel islands inhabited by, 27 Singing of rowers, 33, 169 Sinkers, stone, 48-51 Skeletons, condition of, 115; exhumed by Schu- macher, 36; number exhumed, 15, 34, 160. See Burial Skin garments, 92, 160. See Fur Skin-dressing, implements for, 79-80 Skulls, asphaltum covering, 39-40; mortuary deposits near, 59; position of, in burial, 38-40. See Skeletons Slabs, see Grave-slabs Smith, Thomas Buckingham, Cabrillo’s account edited by, 165, 180 Smoothing-stone, see Rubbing-stones AND MONOGRAPHS 208 SAN MIGUEL AS Eb AND Soapstone, see Steatite Spanish accounts’ of Ae islands, see the Bibliography Spearpoints, bone, 51; stone, 37, 51; whale- bone, 78-79 Spiny oyster, beads from shells of, 149 Spondylus pictorum, see Spiny oyster Springs on San Miguel island, 19, 36, 43 Squares, face painted in, 33, 176 Staff, see Wand Star-shape design, 142-143 Steatite, beads, 38, 61-63; cup, 44-45; extraneous to San Miguel, 41, 162; ornaments, 58-59; pendants, 55-58, 64; perforated artifacts, 52-54; pipes, 60-61; ring, 55; sinkers, 49; tools for working, 51-52; tubes, 61; vessels, 42 ‘| Stemmed blades, 67-68 Stirrers for asphaltum, 47, 86-87 Sione artifacts exhumed: 36-37, 41-73; arrow- points, 115-116; beads, 38, 61-65; chipped objects, 66-72; mortars, 31; ornaments, 55-60; pipes, 60-61, 102; rings, 54—55; sinkers, 48-51; spearpoints, 37, 51; sword, 65-66; tools, 39; tubes, 61. See Chalcedony, Con- cretions, Flint, Limestone, Obsidian, Pebble, Sandstone, Steatile, Stonework Stones, perforated, 52-54, 162-163 Stonework, excellence of, 31, 51, 62, 66; scar- city of, Bee 162; tools for, 51-52, 81-83, 182-183 Sun-worship among Chumash, 141-142, 144-146, 156. See Ray-like lines ' Surface, finds, 35-38; levels, shifting of, 17-18, 35, 41. Surgical instruments, stone, 71-72, 183 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Sword, stone, 65-66 Tapis, Fray, report of, 183 Taschenberger, Arthur, assistance by, 15 ? Taylor, A. S., Discovery of California by, 177 Teeth, animal, ornaments of, 89 Teggart, F. J., acknowledgment to, 16; bibliog- raphy prepared by, 165; Narrative of Por- tol4 Expedition edited by, 173-174 ae Indian name for San Miguel island, 26, 174 Thongs binding planks forming canoe, 32 Tie-string, grass, 159 ~ Tivela crassatelloides, see Clam-shell Tools, dental plates of eagle-ray as, 111, 122-123; for shell-working, 67, 69, 73; for stonework- ing, 51-52, 81-83; handles for, 78-79, 158; stone, 39, 58-59. See Drills, Reamers, Scrapers Tooth-picks, awls as, 163 Topography of San Miguel island, 17-20 Torquemada, Juan de, Monarchia Indiana .. . of, 21, 171, 180 Toss-and-catch game of Karok, 112 Trade, see Barter Triangles design, 143 Trivia californica, pendants of, 154 Truncated, beads, 63; clam-shell pendant, 140-141; shell beads, 149 Tubes, bone, 39, 100-105; stone, 61 Tukan, see Twocan Tule, see Grass Turtleshell rattle, 114-115 E ae name for San Miguel island, AND MONOGRAPHS 210 Vit SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Ungrooved sinkers, 49 Univalves, pendants from, 146-148 University of California, acknowledgment to, 16 Vancouver, George, voyage of discovery of, 21, 24-26, 175 Vancouver island, implements of, 78 Vegetation of San Miguel island, 17-20 Venegas, Padre Miguel, Noticia de la Cali- fornia. . . by, 171, 180 Ventura ey. shell hooks in, 134 Vertebre, fish, used as beads, 111-113; ate par ite graves, 74-76; whale, mortar of, | Vessels, reed, 30; shell, 118-119; stone, 42-45. | wooden, 31. See Bowls ‘| Vila, Vicente, diary of, 174 Villages, Channel islanders living in, 23, 29-30, 166-167 Village-sites, on San Miguel, 28-29, 166; fish- bones found on, 110 » Vizcaino, Sebastian, Diary of, 20, 24-25, 30,} 32-33, 168-171; voyage of, 175, die 179, 181, 183 Voyagers, see the Bibliography Wand, bone, 39, 93-94 Wardle, H. N., Stone Implements of Surgery by, 72, 183 Warriors, see Chiefs Water, reed vessels for, 31; stone vessels for, 43 Weaving, bone tools for, 81; of baskets, 30; of otter-skins, 30. See Woven Wescott shoal, asphaltum from, 20, 163 Whale used as food, 48 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Whale-bone, abundance of, 163; hair-pins, 97; implements, 76-81; whale-bones, as grave- markers, 74-76; as grave-slabs, 36. See Vertebra . Wheeler, George M., Report by, on U. S. Geo- graphical surveys. . ., 166, 179 Whistles, bone, 98-99 White paint, keyhole limpet shells ornamented fo with, 156 Winds, see Surface Winsor, Justin, Discoveries on Pacific Coast by, - 180 Woman’s knife of Eskimo, 78 Women, dress of, 30-31 Wood, bowls of, 31, 40; knife handles of, 66, 68; wand of, 94. See Boards, Canoes, Poles | Woodworking, excellence of, 31-33, 40 Workshop, absence of, 41, 162 Woven, basketry, 39; materials, 38, 158-159. See Platting, Weaving Yarrow, H. C., Report on. . . Ethnological Researches . . . by, 179 Yates, L. G., Deserted Homes of a Lost People by, 182 Zaco, pueblo on San Miguel island, 23, 28, 166 Zalophus californianus, see Sea-lions Zérate sees Geronimo de, Relaciones . of, 170 AND MONOGRAPHS 2A + are ane ae eoagrer: ee = Sree as ep aor